European risk model

In a complex European market, adequately measuring risk requires sophisticated methods and considerable care. A good risk model should provide a broad coverage without sacrificing accuracy, retain details but remain parsimonious, be responsive to ever-changing conditions, and so on. Certainly, there is no shortage of challenges. 

H.A.P. Blom, G.J. Bakker, M.H.C. Everdij and M.N.J. van der Park (2003c), Collision risk modelling of air traffic, Proc. European Control Conf. 2003 (ECC03), Cambridge, UK. 

The results of the emission scenario programmes for biocides will eventually be incorporated into a harmonized European-wide model called EUSES (European Uniform System for Evaluating Substances). This allows production to be incorporated into a risk assessment and will calculate PEC values at local, regional and continental levels within the European Union. The extent of the need to calculate regional and continental PEC values will largely be dependent on the results of a local (point source) emission of the active substance. This risk assessment methodology is presented in Figure 4. 

Hudson, R, (2011), Towards an integrated risk model for hydrocarbon industry operation. Proceedings of the European Safety and Reliability Conference, ESREL 2011 18-22 September 2011— Troyes France, Advances in Safety, Reliability and Risk Management— Berenguer, Grail Guedes Soares (Eds.), Taylor Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-0-415-68379-1. 

Using dynamic risk modelling in Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Researeh (SESAR)... 

DNV 11] Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Assessment of freight train derailment risk reduction measures B2 - Risk model and potential effectiveness of measures. Report for European Railway Agency, Report No BA000777/07, Rev 02,2011. 

Gran, B.A., Nyheim, O.M., Seljelid, J., Vinnem, J.E., A BBN risk model of maintenance work on major process equipment on offshore petroleum installations. Proceedings of the European Safety and Reliability Conference, 2012, pp. 1249-1257. 

The ECPI approach has been adopted by the European Commission in their "Technical Guidance Document on the Risk Assessment of Notified New Substances" as the model for assessment of environmental exposure from additives in plastics. It is important to note, however, that due to the effect of ultraviolet degradation and microbial attack, a significant proportion of the emissions from flexible PVC consists of plasticizer degradation products. In these instances, therefore, the level of plasticizers appearing in the environment will be significantly less than indicated by the plasticizer loss data. 

FUN tool is a new integrated software based on a multimedia model, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and associated databases. The tool is a dynamic integrated model and is capable of assessing the human exposure to chemical substances via multiple exposure pathways and the potential health risks (Fig. 9) [70]. 2-FUN tool has been developed in the framework of the European project called 2-FUN (Full-chain and UNcertainty Approaches for Assessing Health Risks in FUture ENvironmental Scenarios www.2-fun.org). 

ECETOC (1994) HAZCHEM. A mathematical model for use in risk assessment of substances. Special report n. 8. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals, Brussels... 

For regional scale, EUSES, a European Union multimedia environmental model for risk assessment of new and existing substances was applied considering the region where the e-waste recycling sites are. 

A ruling has been passed by the European Commission s scientific committee on toxicity, ecotoxicity and the environment, (the CSTEE), that the use of acetyl tributyl citrate as a plasticiser in children s toys is safe. It has also ruled that the current risk assessment models are reliable. Brief details are given in this little article. 

The European Commission s Joint Research Centre (on behalf of DG S ANCO) has started a project known as European Information System on Risks from Chemicals Released from Consumer Products/Articles (EIS-ChemRisks) (EU 2004), which is designed as a network to collect exposure data, exposure factors, exposure models, and health-related data. The overall objective is to develop tools and reference data to enable harmonized exposure assessment procedures in the EU. A toolbox has been designed to collect exposure information from four reference systems to systematically support exposure assessors in the EU ... 

When the project was started in 2002, European exposure factor data were scattered within numerous national and international institutions. ExpoFacts has created no new data, but instead compiled the existing data into one Internet database, where it can be easily found, screened, and downloaded from. Data were collected from the EU countries, candidate countries to EU, and EFTA countries. As a result, the ExpoFacts database contains data from 30 European countries. In addition to the population time use patterns and exposure route information, e.g., dietary statistics, the database contains socio-demographic and physiologic information to enable database use as a tool for population-wide exposure modeling and risk assessment. 

EU. 2004. European information system on risks from chemicals released from consumer products/aiticles. Consumer exposure modelling task force. Bmssels, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, http // www.jrc.cec.eu.int/eis-chemrisks/... 

Official Journal of the European Union (2007) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Official Journal of the European Union 50 136 Ohl C, Moser F (2007) Chemical Leasing business models - a contribution to effectively manage the risk of chemical substances Risk analysis. An International Journal 27(4), (forthcoming)... 

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