EUROPEAN FLUOROCARBON

NASA EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY CNR EUROPEAN FLUOROCARBON TECHNICAL COMMITTEE AUSIMONT SPA EUROPEAN COMMISSION... 

The usage pattern in Europe and Japan is more dependent upon the automotive industry. However, with the recent concern about acid rain, the European and U.S. markets should show increased interest in fluorocarbon elastomers for pollution control appHcations. On the other hand, the Japanese market has a sizable outlet in electrical and general machinery manufacturing (eg, copiers). Petroleum appHcations are of Htfle interest outside the United States. 

AlliedSignal Fluorocarbon Europe B.V., Johnson Matthey Pic., KTI b.v., and the European Union. 

D.H. Menz, Side effects of ocular endotamponades caused by surface behaviors of fluorocarbons. Poster presentation 14th European Symposium on Fluorine Chemistry, Poznan, Pologne, 11-16 juillet, (2004). 

McCulloch, A., and P. M. Midgley, Estimated Historic Emissions of Fluorocarbons from the European Union, Atmos. Environ., 32, 1571-1580 (1998). 

Pulmonary delivery of drugs is the administration route of choice in respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Different devices are available, including metered-dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers, and nearly 80% of asthmatic patients worldwide use metered dose inhalers (1). Chlorofluorocarbons have been used as an aerosol propellant in metered-dose inhalers however, they deplete the ozone layer and are being replaced by more environment-friendly propellants, even though the contribution of aerosols of this type to the total global burden of chlorofluorocarbons is less than 0.5%. The first chloro-fluorocarbon-free metered-dose inhaler for asthma treatment was approved by the FDA in 1996 (2) and the European Union has set 2005 as a target date for the withdrawal of all chlorofluorocarbon-based inhalers (1). In the USA, prescriptions for chlorofluorocarbon-free medications rose from 16.4 million in 1996 to 33.8 million in 2000 (2). Most of the chlorofluorocarbon-free medications were steroids for nasal use (27.2 million). However, chlorofluorocarbon-containing medications stiU represented two-thirds of all prescriptions and increased from 63.0 to 67.6 million dispensed (2). 

The primary difference between the north-western European reprocessing releases and other anthropogenic tracers used in oceanography is the nature of their introduction to the oceans. Reprocessing releases enter the oceans essentially at a point source, rather than in a more globally distributed fashion as is the case for weapons test fallout or the chloro-fluorocarbons. Thus, reprocessing tracers are excellent, specific tracers for waters originating from north-western Europe. Because these waters are transported to the north into the Nordic Seas and... 

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