Ethylenic hydrocarbons table

In the absence of oxygen, about 82 peaks of hydrocarbon products were observed in the gas chromatogram, which showed that the main products consisted of C6 hydrocarbons (Table IV), hydrogen, methane, acetylene, ethylene, ethane, methylacetylene, allene, propane, 1-butene, and butadiene. 

Table XLIV. Frequencies of Some Ethylenic Hydrocarbons...

The data for other ethylenic hydrocarbons is given in Table CXI. 

The IR spectra of many hydrocarbon ligands on metal surfaces also resemble those of discrete organometalUe species, as shown by the example of ethylene complexes (Table 5-7). Weakening of the double bond is evident both in the supported catalyst and in the isolated complex (for eomparison gaseous ethylene has an IR band at 1640 cm ). 

Solvents. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Dibromochloropropane. Vinyl chloride. Acrylamide. Toluene Diisocyanate. Carbon Disulfice. Pentachlorophenol. Ethylene Oxide.—Table of contents, in Zenz, Occupational Medicine... 

Table 1 7 shows that hydrocarbons are extremely weak acids Among the classes of hydrocarbons acetylene is a stronger acid than methane ethane ethylene or benzene but even its K is 10 ° smaller than that of water... 

Aliphatic Chemicals. The primary aliphatic hydrocarbons used in chemical manufacture are ethylene (qv), propjiene (qv), butadiene (qv), acetylene, and / -paraffins (see Hydrocarbons, acetylene). In order to be useflil as an intermediate, a hydrocarbon must have some reactivity. In practice, this means that those paraffins lighter than hexane have Httle use as intermediates. Table 5 gives 1991 production and sales from petroleum and natural gas. Information on uses of the C —C saturated hydrocarbons are available in the Hterature (see Hydrocarbons, C —C ). 

Hoechst WHP Process. The Hoechst WLP process uses an electric arc-heated hydrogen plasma at 3500—4000 K it was developed to industrial scale by Farbwerke Hoechst AG (8). Naphtha, or other Hquid hydrocarbon, is injected axially into the hot plasma and 60% of the feedstock is converted to acetylene, ethylene, hydrogen, soot, and other by-products in a residence time of 2—3 milliseconds Additional ethylene may be produced by a secondary injection of naphtha (Table 7, Case A), or by means of radial injection of the naphtha feed (Case B). The oil quenching also removes soot. 

Hoechst HTP Process. The two-stage HTP (high temperature pyrolysis) process was operated by Farbwerke Hoechst ia Germany. The cracking stock for the HTP process can be any suitable hydrocarbon. With hydrocarbons higher than methane, the ratio of acetylene to ethylene can be varied over a range of 70 30 to 30 70. Total acetylene and ethylene yields, as wt % of the feed, are noted ia Table 11. 

Solubility. Poly(ethylene oxide) is completely soluble in water at room temperature. However, at elevated temperatures (>98° C) the solubiUty decreases. It is also soluble in several organic solvents, particularly chlorinated hydrocarbons (see Water-SOLUBLE polymers). Aromatic hydrocarbons are better solvents for poly(ethylene oxide) at elevated temperatures. SolubiUty characteristics are Hsted in Table 1. 

Product Distribution. In addition to ethylene, many by-products are also formed. Typical product distributions for various feeds from a typical short residence time furnace are shown in Table 5. The product distribution is strongly influenced by residence time, hydrocarbon partial pressure, steam-to-od ratio, and coil outlet pressure. 

The fluids have reasonably good chemical resistance but are attacked by concentrated mineral acids and alkalis. They are soluble in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is to be expected from the low solubility parameter of 14.9 MPa. They are insoluble in solvents of higher solubility parameter such as acetone, ethylene glycol and water. They are themselves very poor solvents. Some physical properties of the dimethylsilicone fluids are summarised in Table 29.2. 

Ethylene is a constituent of refinery gases, especially those produced from catalytic cracking units. The main source for ethylene is the steam cracking of hydrocarbons (Chapter 3). Table 2-2 shows the world ethylene production by source until the year 2000. U.S. production of ethylene was approximately 51 billion lbs in 1997. ... 

Where do hydrocarbons lie on the acidity scale As the data in Table 8.1 show, both methane (pKa 60) and ethylene (plC, = 44) are very weak acids and thus do not react with any of the common bases. Acetylene, however, has piCa = 25 and can be deprotonated by the conjugate base of any acid whose pKa is greater than 25. Amide ion (NH2-), for example, the conjugate base of ammonia (pKa - 35), is often used to aeprotonate terminal aikynes. 

C06-0100. Use average bond energies (Table 6-2) to compare the combustion energies of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene. Calculate which of these hydrocarbons releases the most energy per gram. 

If a significant volume of gas (caused by a leak, for example) is exposed to an ignition source and this gas is mixed with air in proportions that are close to stoichiometric, the gas cloud can cause a lot of damage when it gives rise to a detonation. The accident at Flixborough is one example. The lower explosive limit of hydrocarbons is extremely low. If the carbon chain length exceeds 8, the autoinflammation temperature of a linear hydrocarbon is close to 200°C. All these parameters decrease with pressure. The table below shows to which extent pressure influences the AIT of ethylene ... 

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