Australia ethics

In Australia, approval of clinical trials involves both the regulatory authority and an ethics committee. Under the Clinical Trial Exemption (CTX) scheme, a clinical trial proposal must first be evaluated by the TGA, and then approved by an ethics committee on-site. Under the Clinical Trial Notification (CTN) scheme, a trial is evaluated and approved by the local ethics committee, and then notified to the TGA. 

Furthermore, Australia has a strong framework in place to support the ethical conduct of clinical trials, provided by the NHMRC, its principal committees and HRECs. In June 2003, there were 226 registered HRECs in Australia - 125 hospital (public and private), 53 imiversity, 23 government and 25 associated with professional and other bodies. 

A principal committee of the NHMRC, the Australian Health Ethics Committee (AHEC), provides guidance and support for HRECs in Australia, and is responsible for developing and publishing the National Statement on the Ethical Conduct of Research Involving Humans 1999, which replaced the previous NHMRC Statement on Human Experimentation and Supplementary Notes 1992. ... 

The AHEC has advised HRECs to continue to regard the national statement as the definitive guideline for the review and conduct of research in Australia. In October 2001 the WMA issued a note of clarification on the interpretation of its guideline on the ethical use of... 

Komesaroff, P. A. and I. H. Kerridge. 2002. Ethical Issues Concerning the Relationships between Medical Practitioners and the Pharmaceutical Industry. The Medical Journal of Australia 176 118-121. 

Sainsbury, P. 2004. Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement and the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme. Yale Journal of Health Policy Law Ethics 4 387-99. 

McDonald, M. (2005) Fair weather friend Ethics and Australia s approach to global climate change.- Australian Journal of Politics and History 51, 216-234. 

Wehrli (1997) stated case reports from Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom and the activities of the Pharmaceutical Security Institute (PSl), which was founded by the majority of ethical pharmaceutical companies and operates under the auspices of the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (IFPMA). Wehrli further indicated that an API may be counterfeited in one country, passed by a circuitous route into another for formulation, from there to a third country where the product is sold. 

The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia Code of Ethics. Practice Standards and Definitions Johnstone, J.M., Vienet, M.D., Eds. The Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia Melbourne, 1996. 

MeUinger P (2013) Airpower and collateral damage theory, practice and challenges. Air power Australia essay on military ethics and culture http //www.ausairpower.net/APA-EMEAC-2013-02.html. Accessed 15 Mar 2015... 

Gay Hawkins is a Professorial Research Fellow in social and cultural theory and Director of the Centre for Critical and Cultural Studies at the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. She is currently completing a book on the rise and impacts of bottled water called Plastic Water. Previous publications include The Ethics of Waste (Rowman and Littlefield, 2005) and Plastic Materialities in Braun and Whatmore (eds). Political Matter (University of Minnesota Press, 2010). In 2013 she is commencing a major study called The Skin of Commerce, investigating the pragmatics and performativity of plastic food packaging how plastic became a market device in post-war food economies, how it contributed to major urban waste problems, and how it has become a political material. 

While ESJP members did not participate directly in the formnlation of EC 2000, they have been active at the Frontiers in Edncation conferences and within the American Society for Engineering Education, especially the Ethics Division and the Liberal Education/Engineering and Society Division. Similarly, Caroline BaiUie, now at the University of Western Australia, has been active in reform efforts of Engineers Australia s accreditation requiranents. 

Engineers Australia. (2010). Code of ethics, http //www.engineersaustralia.org.au Etzkowitz, H., Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation From national systems and Mode 2 to a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123. 

Muller, D., and M. Gawenda. Ethical free-for-all over media access to the fire zone. Media International Australia, 2010, 137 71-79. 

Engineers Australia (lEAust). (2000). Code of ethics. Engineers Australia, www. engineersaustralia.org.au/ethics. Accessed 11 Feb 2011. 

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