Cellulose ethanol

The solid oxide, or its concentrated solutions or vapour, tends to oxidise ethanol, cellulose fibres, etc., explosively [1,2]. Ethanol also gives an explosive by-product, probably an organoruthenium derivative [1]. 

A mixture of nitric and perchloric acids is also commonly used. The nitric acid boils off first, and care must be taken to prevent evaporation of the perchloric acid to near dryness, or a violent explosion may result this procedure is not recommended unless you have considerable experience in digestion procedures. Perchloric acid should never be added directly to organic or biological material. Always add an excess of nitric acid first. Explosions with perchloric acid are generally associated with formation of peroxides, and the acid turns dark in color (e.g., yellowish brown) prior to explosion. Certain organic compounds such as ethanol, cellulose, and polyhydric alcohols can cause hot concentrated perchloric acid to explode violently this is presumably due to formation of ethyl perchlorate. 

Propanol [71-23-8] (1-propanol) is a colorless liquid that is soluble in water and miscible with organic solvents. It has better dissolution properties than ethanol for fats and oils, and dissolves polar resins in the same way as ethanol. Cellulose nitrate and poly(vinyl acetate) are, however, almost insoluble. For economic reasons propanol is of only limited use as a solvent, and is a starting material for esters. 

Aden A, Foust T. (2009). Technoeconomic analysis of the dilute sulfuric add and enzymatic hydrolysis process for the conversion of com stover to ethanol. Cellulose, 16(4), 535—545. 

CH3CH(0H)C(0)0Et. A colourless liquid with a pleasant odour, b.p. 154 C. Manufactured by distilling a mixture of ( )-lactic acid, ethanol and benzene in the presence of a little sulphuric or benzenesulphonic acid. It is a solvent for cellulose nitrate and acetate and also for various resins. Used as a lacquer solvent. 

Currently, almost all acetic acid produced commercially comes from acetaldehyde oxidation, methanol or methyl acetate carbonylation, or light hydrocarbon Hquid-phase oxidation. Comparatively small amounts are generated by butane Hquid-phase oxidation, direct ethanol oxidation, and synthesis gas. Large amounts of acetic acid are recycled industrially in the production of cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl alcohol), and aspirin and in a broad array of other... 

Alcoholic Fermentation. Certain types of starchy biomass such as com and high sugar crops are readily converted to ethanol under anaerobic fermentation conditions ia the presence of specific yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisia and other organisms (Fig. 6). However, alcohoHc fermentation of other types of biomass, such as wood and municipal wastes that contain high concentrations of cellulose, can be performed ia high yield only after the ceUulosics are converted to sugar concentrates by acid- or enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis ... 

Eig. 15. Eurfural, phenols, and ethanol production from wood in a multiproduct process biomass chemical plant (52). Wood (qv) is ca 50% cellulose (qv),... 

Ethanol can also be produced from cellulose (qv) or biomass such as wood (qv), com stover, and municipal soHd wastes (see Euels frombiomass Euels FROMWASTe). Each of these resources has inherent technical or economic problems. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is operating a 2 t/d pilot plant on converting cellulose to ethanol. 

Manufacture. Ethyl chloride undergoes reaction with alkah cellulose in high pressure nickel-clad autoclaves. A large excess of sodium hydroxide and ethyl chloride and high reaction temperatures (up to 140°C) are needed to drive the reaction to the desked high DS values (>2.0). In the absence of a diluent, reaction efficiencies in ethyl chloride range between 20 and 30%, the majority of the rest being consumed to ethanol and diethyl ether by-products. 

Increasingly, biochemical transformations are used to modify renewable resources into useful materials (see Microbial transformations). Fermentation (qv) to ethanol is the oldest of such conversions. Another example is the ceU-free enzyme catalyzed isomerization of glucose to fmctose for use as sweeteners (qv). The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a biochemical competitor for the acid catalyzed reaction. 

More recently, interest has developed in the use of enzymes to catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose (25—27). Domestic or forest product wastes can be used to produce the fermentation substrate. Whereas there has been much research on alcohol fermentation, whether from cereal grains, molasses, or wood hydrolysis, the commercial practice of this technology is primarily for the industrial alcohol and beverage alcohol industries. About 100 plants have been built for fuel ethanol from com, but only a few continue to operate (28). 

Cyclohexanoae is miscible with methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, / -hexane, nitrobenzene, diethyl ether, naphtha, xylene, ethylene glycol, isoamyl acetate, diethylamine, and most organic solvents. This ketone dissolves cellulose nitrate, acetate, and ethers, vinyl resias, raw mbber, waxes, fats, shellac, basic dyes, oils, latex, bitumea, kaure, elemi, and many other organic compounds. 

Industrial ethyl alcohol can be produced synthetically from ethylene [74-85-17, as a by-product of certain industrial operations, or by the fermentation of sugar, starch, or cellulose. The synthetic route suppHes most of the industrial market in the United States. The first synthesis of ethanol from ethylene occurred in 1828 in Michael Faraday s lab in Cambridge (40). 

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