Ethane-, copper chloride

Epichlorohydrin Epoxidized Vegetable Oils Epoxidized Vegetable Oils Octyl Epoxy Tallate Epoxidized Vegetable Oils Butylene Oxide Ethylene Oxide Propylene Oxide Sodium Nitrite Copper Chloride Trichloiofluoromethane Dichlordifluoromethane Monochlorodifluoromediane Nitrobenzene Acetaldehyde Ethane... 

Oxychlorination of hydrocarbons refers to a chemical reaction in which oxygen and hydrogen chloride react with a hydrocarbon in the vapor phase over a supported copper chloride catalyst to produce a chlorinated hydrocarbon and water. The oxychlorination of ethylene to produce 1, 2-dichloroethane (commonly, ethylene dichloride (EDC)) is of the greatest commercial importance. EDC is the precurser for vinyl chloride monomer, which when polymerized to polyvinyl chloride (PVC), becomes one of the most conunonly used commercial plastics. The overall oxychlorination reaction of ethane is given by... 

It would be appropriate to conduct the process of vinyl chloride production from ethane, hydrogen chloride, and oxygen in a fixed bed of copper—cement catalyst modified with alkali metals, for example, at 623—673K, time-on-stream of 3—5 s, and reactant ratio of C2H6 HCl O2 = 1 2 1. Under these conditions, the conversion of ethane is more than 90%, and the total selectivity to ethylene and vinyl chloride is 85-90% at the yield of deep oxidation products COx no more than 3—4%. 

A highly catalytic bimetallic system for the low temperature selective oxidation of methane, ethane, and butane with oxygen as the oxidant has been reported. The catalytic system consists of a mixture of copper chloride and metallic palladium in a 3 1 mixture (v/v) of trifluoroacetic acid-water in the presence of oxygen and carbon monoxide. For example, methane can be selectively... 

The formation of 1,2-dichloroethane from ethane and ethylene is described in patents issued to National Distillers (11) and I.C.I. (12), respectively. Englin et at. (13) report the formation of vinyl chloride from chloroalkanes using catalysts containing melts of cuprous and cupric chloride. The details of the mechanism and kinetics of many of these reactions are still unresolved. It appears, though, that copper chloride can function effectively as a catalyst for chlorination and dehydrochlorination as well as being able to participate in os chlorination reactions. 

A small portion of vinyl chloride is produced from ethane via the Transcat process. In this process a combination of chlorination, oxychlo-rination, and dehydrochlorination reactions occur in a molten salt reactor. The reaction occurs over a copper oxychloride catalyst at a wide temperature range of 310-640°C. During the reaction, the copper oxychloride is converted to copper(I) and copper(II) chlorides, which are air oxidized to regenerate the catalyst. Figure 6-1 is a flow diagram of the Transcat process for producing vinyl chloride from ethane. ... 

Cupric chloride. Ethane, butane, ethylene, metallic copper. Wanhlyn and Carius, AnnuUny 1861, 120, 69. 

Similarity reaction of vinyl chloride with phenylacetylene in diethylamine using dichloro[bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane]palladium (II) and copper(I) iodide as a catalyst and a glass autoclave as a reaction vessel afforded 4-phenylbut-l-en-3-yne in 85% yield. 

Additional support for a free radical mechanism of the copper catalyzed reaction of red phosphorus with CH3CI or benzyl chloride comes from the isolation of methane, ethane, ethylene and propene in the CH3Cl-reaction and of trans stilbene and toluene in the PhCH2Cl-reaction, in addition to phosphonous dichlorides, RPCI2 (R = CH3, CgHjCHj ) 51) ... 

Figure 1. The effect of temperature on the ethcine oxidative chlorination process (silica gel as the support, copper content of 6.0 wt %, potassium content of 4.0 wt %, reactant ratio C2H6 HCl O2 = 1 1 1, t = 3 s). 1 is the conversion of ethane 2 is the yield of oxidation chlorination products 3, 4, and 5 are the yields of ethylene, deep oxidation products, and vinyl chloride, respectively ( x is time- on-stream ).

The results obtained substantiate that the utilization of copper—cement catalysts offers promise for the synthesis of vinyl chloride from ethane at law temperatures in a single step. The proposed efficient and stable copper-cement catalyst will assist in the development of a new technology for the production of vinyl chloride Ifom ethane. This technology is low-waste and balanced in raw materials with meeting modem requirements of ecological safety. 

Iron, copper, and antimony chloride,26 titanium chloride (in pentachloro-ethane as solvent),27 and calcium chloride28 have been used as catalysts favoring addition of Cl2 to ethylene to yield dichloroethane at elevated temperatures. In the presence of iron-containing bauxite as powder on pumice (catalyst I) or of bauxite grains the size of a pea (catalyst II), a greater proportion of higher chlorination products is formed at low than at higher temperatures.29... 

The oxidation of ethene to ethanal by oxygen and a solution of a paUadium(II) salt in aqueous hydrochloric acid is an important industrial process (the Wacker reaction). The palladium(II) is simultaneously reduced to the metal, but the reaction is made catalytic by addition of copper(II) chloride in the presence of air or oxygen, whereby the palladium is continuously re-oxidized to palladium(II) (5.111). 

Scheme 9.133. A representation of the palladium(II) chloride-catalyzed oxidation of ethene (ethylene, CH2=CH2) to ethanal (acetaldehyde, CH3CHO), the Wacker process. Generally, a copper(II) catalyst (not shown) is also employed to effect the reoxidation of the palladium. Interestingly, it is probable that a 1,2-hydride shift occurs as the palladium is lost (rather than elimination to the corresponding enol and then rearrangement to the aldehyde) since nse of H20 (denterinm oxide) in place of its proton analogue (water, HaO) yields aldehyde in which there is no denterinm ( ) incorporation.

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