Estrogen vitamin

Particular attention is given to the development of new mechanistic biomarker assays and bioassays that can be used as indices of the toxicity of mixtures. These biomarker assays are typically based on toxic mechanisms such as brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition, vitamin K antagonism, thyroxin antagonism, Ah-receptor-mediated toxicity, and interaction with the estrogenic receptor. They can give integrative measures of the toxicity of mixtures of compounds where the components of the mixture share the same mode of action. They can also give evidence of potentiation as well as additive toxicity. 

Pyridoxal phosphate is a coenzyme for many enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism, especially in transamination and decarboxylation. It is also the cofactor of glycogen phosphorylase, where the phosphate group is catalytically important. In addition, vitamin Bg is important in steroid hormone action where it removes the hormone-receptor complex from DNA binding, terminating the action of the hormones. In vitamin Bg deficiency, this results in increased sensitivity to the actions of low concentrations of estrogens, androgens, cortisol, and vitamin D. 

Natural products have been noted for their potential health benefits from time immemorial and are the basis of Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medical practice (Bushkin and Bushkin, 2002). However, the potential benefits of several natural products reside in one or two active ingredients. For example green tea stands for polyphenols, soy for soy estrogens, broccoli for isothiocyanates and grape seed for polyphenols. The beauty of rice bran is that there are more than 100 antioxidants, several categories of bioactive phytonutrients, such as IP6, polyphenols, phytosterols, tocotrienols, y-oryzanol, B vitamins, minerals and trace minerals in addition to fat, protein, fiber, polysaccharides and other nutrients. These phytonutrients and antioxidants of rice bran are believed to act at the cellular level, and their synergestic function is responsible for the positive health benefits. 

Amenorrhea in the adolescent population is of great importance because this is the time in the female life cycle when peak bone mass is achieved. The cause of amenorrhea and appropriate treatment must be identified promptly in this population because hypoestrogenism contributes negatively to bone development. Estrogen replacement, typically via an OC, is important. In addition, ensuring that the patient is receiving adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D is imperative. 

Steroid hormones are divided into six classes, based on physiological effects estrogens, androgens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and vitamin D 847... 

In the case of vitamin D3, there is a membrane receptor that, after being bound to this compound, and by the mediation of a G-protein, activates the opening of channels for the entrance of calcium into the cell (Bouillon et al. 1995). There are also membrane receptors for progesterone that mediate, among other processes, the reaction of acrosomes in spermatozoa. Finally, evidence of extragenomic participation of estrogens in exocytosis does exist (Machado et al. 2002). 

Independently, if these cytokines can exert their bone resorption functions without RANKL, they all stimulate the production of RANKL for stromal/OB cells, and conversely RANKL is able to increase IL-1 and TNF-a synthesis in vitro. To complicate this scenario, these systems of cytokines connect with the network of systemic hormones, such as PTH, PTH-related protein (PTHrP), vitamin D3, estrogens, androgens, glucocorticoids, and T4, since the hormones regulate the production of many of these cytokines by stromal/OB cells (Manolagas et al. 1995 Bellido et al. 1995 Lakatos et al. 1997). 

Bazedoxifene has also demonstrated in experimental studies its ability to inhibit the growth of ER(+) tumors in mice and rats in the absence of uterotrophic effects (Greenberger et al. 2001). At the present time bazedoxifene s ability to counteract the estrogenic effects of CEE at the levels of both breast and endometrium is being tested in a multicentric study comparing calcium + vitamin D to bazedoxifene with and without a low dose of CEE in mild symptomatic postmenopausal women. 

Age, calcium intake, hormonal status, exercise and vitamin status have all been implicated in the development of osteoporosis. Estrogen levels represent an important factor in skeletal calcium retention and homeostasis. In therapeutic trials in which post-menopausal women were given daily doses of estrogens, such therapy has been demonstrated to be partially effective in reducing the rate of bone resorption. However, this therapy has the concomitant hazard of endometrial cancer (10). Vitamin D and its hormones have been given considerable attention in the more recent studies. Without adequate dietary and tissue levels of such vitamins, calcium absorption and bone status will be impaired. 

Based on limited epidemiologic evidence, fluoride supplements, with or without calcium, estrogen and vitamin D, are used by clinicians for the treatment of osteoporosis. However, knowledge of the effects of fluoride on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in normal animals is limited although Spencer et al. (32) reported that ingestion of fluoride by three osteoporotic men did not affect calcium absorption but caused a decrease in urinary excretion. Moreover, there is a need to determine the long-term effects of fluoride treatment on bone strength and on soft tissues ( ). 

Post-menopausal 10 mg qd with 8 oz water remain upright for 1 hour indicated for osteoporosis when estrogen is contraindicated supplement calcium, vitamin D. 

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis 5 mg once daily. For postmenopausal women not receiving estrogen, the recommended dose is 10 mg once daily. Patients also should receive adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D. 

---