Escherichia coli chromosome

Most of the DNA of animal cells is found in the nucleus, where DNA is the major constituent of the chromosomes. On the other hand, most of the RNA is located in the cytoplasm. Nuclear DNA exists as a thin, double helix only 2 nm wide. The double helix is folded and complexed with protein to form chromosomal strands approxim-ately 100 to 200 nm in diameter. Each chromosome contains a single DNA duplex. The human chromosomes vary in size the smallest contains approximately 4.6 X 10 base pairs of DNA, and the largest 2.4 X 10 base pairs. In contrast, the Escherichia coli chromosome has 4.5 x 106 base pairs. The DNA of die chromosomes is tightly packed and associated with both histone and nonhistone proteins. 

Katayama, T. (2001) Feedback controls restrain the initiation of Escherichia coli chromosomal replication. Mol. Microbiol. 41, 9-17. 

Replication of the Escherichia coli Chromosome Initiation and Termination of Escherichia coli Chromosomal Replication DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Chromosomal DNA SV40 Is Similar to Its Host in Its Mode of Replication... 

Initiation and Termination of Escherichia coli Chromosomal Replication... 

Other than cells and particles, DEP has also been used to trap DNA molecules. In one report, DEP trapping of Escherichia coli chromosomal DNA (chromatin) that follows cell lysis was carried out on a PDMS chip [687]. In another report, DEP (1 MHz) was used to stretch 7.DNA molecules (48 kbp) [323]. There are other reports on DEP work [866]. 

Kitagawa R, Mitsuki H, Okazaki T, Ogawa T (1996) A novel DnaA protein-binding site at 94.7 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome. Mol Microbiol 19 1137-1147 Kleiber M (1961) The fire of life. Wiley, New York... 

Kornberg A. (1991) Control of initiation of the Escherichia coli chromosome. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. 

Eranke S, Grass G and Nies DH (2001) The product of the ybdE gene of the Escherichia coli chromosome is involved in detoxification of silver ions. Microbiology 147 965-972. 

Lobry J.R. and Gautier C. (1994). Hydrophobicity, expressivity and aromaticity are the major trends of amino-acid usage in 999 Escherichia coli chromosome-encoded genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 22 3174-3180. 

The quinolones are rapidly bactericidal, largely as a consequence of inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, key bacterial enzymes that dictate the conformation of DNA. The Escherichia coli chromosome is a single, circular molecule of approximately 1 mm in length, whereas the cell is only 1 to 3 pm long. Thus, the DNA molecule must be dramatically compacted in a conformationally stable way so that it... 

C Diorio, J Cai, J Marmor, R Shinder, MS DuBow. An Escherichia coli chromosomal ars operon homolog is functional in arsenic detoxification and is conserved in gram-negative bacteria. J Bacteriol 177 2050-2056, 1995. 

Fig. 2 PCR-mediated homologous recombination using the X-Red recombinase as a typicai Escherichia coli chromosomal manipulation method (Datsenko and Wanner 2000 Palmeros et aL 2000 Yuan et al. 2006). 1 Chromosomal gene inactivation, 2 chromosomal promoter replacement. ori replication origin, MK antibiotic resistance marker, UHR upper homologous region, DHR down homologous region, Pna native promoter...

Pistocchi, R., Kashiwagi, K., Miyamoto, S., Nukui, E., Sadakata, Y, Kobayashi, H., and Igarashi, K. (1993) Characteristics of the operon for a putrescine transport system that maps at 19 minutes on the Escherichia coli chromosome. J. Biol Chem., 268 (1), 146-152. 

Chan, E.C., Tsai, H.L., Chen, S.L., and Mou, D.G. (1993) Amplification of the tryptophan operon gene in Escherichia coli chromosome to increase L-tryptophan biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 40, 301-305. 

Okstad, O.A. et al. (2003) Spatial and temporal organization of replicating Escherichia coli chromosomes. Mol. Microbiol., 49, 731-743. 

Furuchi T, Kashi wagi K, Kobayashi H, Igarashi K (1991) Characteristics of the gene for a spermidine and putrescine transport-system that maps at 15-min on the Escherichia coli chromosome. J Biol Chem 266(31) 20928-20933... 

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