Errors, experimental

All manufacturers use their own classification numbers for their bits. This results in mass confusion about which bit to use in what formation and whose bit is better. The International Association of Drilling Contractors (lADC) has addressed this classification problem through the development of a unified system. But whose bit is better is left to trial-and-error experimentation by the individual operator. 

Absolute error = Experimental value - Accepted value... 

Extensive comparisons of predictions and experimental results for drag on spheres suggest that the influence of non-Newtonian characteristics progressively diminishes as the value of the Reynolds number increases, with inertial effects then becoming dominant, and the standard curve for Newtonian fluids may be used with little error. Experimentally determined values of the drag coefficient for power-law fluids (1 < Re n < 1000 0.4 < n < 1) are within 30 per cent of those given by the standard drag curve 37 38. ... 

As a result, the underlying factors responsible for asymmetric induction are, at present, mainly a matter of speculation, and the chemist wishing to use the method must be prepared for considerable trial and error experimentation. 

The reader is cautioned that there is often a considerable divergence in the literature for values of rate constants [Buback et al., 1988, 2002], One needs to examine the experimental details of literature reports to choose appropriately the values to be used for any needed calculations. Apparently different values of a rate constant may be a consequence of experimental error, experimental conditions (e.g., differences in conversion, solvent viscosity), or method of calculation (e.g., different workers using different literature values of kd for calculating Rt, which is subsequently used to calculate kp/kXJ2 from an experimental determination of Rp). 

What about polyketones where poly means 3 or more Experimental data are lacking. Nonetheless, the enthalpy of formation136 of a putative gas-phase polymer [61, i.e. (CH2CO) ] was discussed from which a cumulative error—experimental, conceptual and calculational—of but 8 kJ mol-1 was found from that predicted assuming thermoneutrality for reaction 55... 

Data derived from trial-N-error experimentation... 

It should be noted that the number of measurement replications in the matrix of design of completely randomized blocks is marked by K. A distinction should also be made between mean squares for measurement error + experimental error and measurement error. Often this sum of measurement and experimental errors is just called experimental error, and measurement error sampling error. To check significance of the factor effect, the mean square of joint error or experimental error MSCR is used. 

Success or failure in resolution by the diastereomeric salt formation method is not determined only by the molecular structures of compounds used and physical properties of the salt crystals but also by the resolution environment such as solvent. Therefore, the proposed working hypothesis may not always be effective in all combinations of the resolution system. However, this idea will be helpful in minimizing tedious trial error experimental efforts in the laboratory. 

The effect of this reversal of the trend toward individualization is likely to increase burdens on the clinical trial process and on the submissions of NDAs and ANDAs. If customization is not practical through physician-patient trial and error experimentation, the submission of clinical data that defines effects and side effects specific to interactive medical conditions, ethnicity, gender, age, and genetic characteristics becomes all the more important. Unless a developer is willing to settle for a high-restricted label, significantly expanded and targeted clinical trials are the most likely response to the need for customized medication. 

It must be noted that the present analysis of Mc serves only as an approximate indication of the expected values of molecular weight between crosslinks. If one recalls that the values of x actor and porosity p used here are determined from best fitting of data by other investigators for similar coals it is evident that this analysis is subject to error. Experimental data for x and P are being obtained for our coals in our laboratory. However, this contribution shows how experimental data can be used to improve determination of Mc and to present, for the first time, approximate values of this important physical parameter of the crosslinked structure of coals. 

Absolute error = experimental value - correct value (6-3)... 

Table B.4 represents a composite mass balance for the entire pilot-plant operation. Any differences in the totals are directly attributable to sampling error, experimental error in conducting the Dean-Stark analysis, and the flow measurement error.

It is able to rationalize, in a quantitatively unprecedented way, with very low percent errors, experimental evidence qualitatively or semiquantitatively explained by other models. 

A Discussion section should take the form of an analysis of your results. Comment on the purpose of the experiment. What do the results indicate What are sources of error (experimental uncertainty/precision) What additional... 

Correct definition of regions A and B may require considerable trial and error experimentation. Fortunately, it is easy to detect problems associated with an inappropriate choice of order parameter. For instance, short trajectories initiated from the initial point of the unsuccessful trajectory in Fig. 3 (solid line) will most likely end with a value of q characteristic of the final state. In contrast, the probability to relax into B from the initial point of the dashed trajectory is negligible. When problems are caused by non-discriminating regions A and B, the order parameter has to be refined until correct sampling can be achieved. 

During the historical chromatographic period, separations were developed mostly on a trial-and-error experimental basis due to lack of understanding of the underlying principles and the inability to address the complex interactions in fluid-phase systems by a computing approach. 

The experimental techniques are mainly based on the injection of small (peaks) or large pulses (breakthrough curves) and analysis of the obtained chromatogram. Although the presented approach tries to limit the impact of measurement errors, experimental conditions and, especially, the material (adsorbent, eluent) used should... 

The temperature coefficient for the reaction is 1.41, both from 180 to 190°C and from 190 to 200°C, and the energy of activation is 14 kcal/mole. Therefore, as a result of the combination of methodological errors, experimental mistakes, misinterpretations, and miscalculations, the authors obtained data which are related— concurrently—to different phenomena. 

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