Methodological errors

The third category of methods addressed in this chapter are error analysis and reduction methodologies. Error analysis techniques can either be applied in a proactive or retrospective mode. In the proactive mode they are used to predict possible errors when tasks are being analyzed during chemical process quantitative risk assessment and design evaluations. When applied retrospectively, they are used to identify the underlying causes of errors giving rise to accidents. Very often the distinction between task analysis and error analysis is blurred, since the process of error analysis always has to proceed from a comprehensive description of a task, usually derived from a task analysis. 

Due to combination of several analytical steps often sigiuficant errors Small methodological error, small subsamples, but only applicable to elements... 

Alex Rosenberg You re just saying that the evidence isn t in, not that there s a fundamental methodological error involved. 

Alex Rosenberg Then why are you not open to stigmatise the physiological research with the same methodological error. 

Non-sampling errors can be categorized into laboratory error and data management error, with laboratory error further subdivided into measurement, data interpretation, sample management, laboratory procedure and methodology errors. 

Methodology error—the failure to use proper methods of sample preparation and analysis the use of non-standard, unproven analytical methods... 

Comparability Methodology error Field and laboratory procedure error... 

Scientists at Johns Hopkins University examined studies on MCS which describe the syndrome as psychogenic. They concluded that these studies often contain methodological errors, thus rendering the results questionable at best.5... 

We need to emphasize at this point that the meticulous analysis of methodological errors is certainly mandatory to evaluate the potential of the instruments. Most... 

The published fiux results indicate that some saltmarshes appear to process nutrients in a very different way to others (Nixon, 1980 Carpenter, 1993). These discrepancies could be due to actual differences in nutrient budgeting caused by variations in saltmarsh characteristics. However, the disparity may be artificial, caused by differences in field methodology and the large uncertainties involved in the calculation of tidal and annual fiuxes. It is difficult to differentiate between these two possibilities as error margins have never been reported for the published fiux values. The total error on a fiux value includes both methodology errors (e.g. uncertainties... 

The uncertainties in calculated flux values are large due to methodology errors and errors associated with extrapolating the collected data in space and time. A major problem with saltmarsh/ coastal water flux studies is that the flux is often smaller than the error margin, hence one is not even sure of the direction of the flux. The error associated with an annual flux estimate is much higher than the tidal flux. 

The temperature coefficient for the reaction is 1.41, both from 180 to 190°C and from 190 to 200°C, and the energy of activation is 14 kcal/mole. Therefore, as a result of the combination of methodological errors, experimental mistakes, misinterpretations, and miscalculations, the authors obtained data which are related— concurrently—to different phenomena. 

This quotation clearly shows that Vernadsky commits the methodological error of extending the methodology of natural science to the domain of social evolution. He puts human reason on the same level as the other biospherical phenomena. Humans appear to... 

The sonrces of errors (SE) in deconvolution may be classified as intrinsic errors and methodological errors, with the latter type of errors divided into experimental errors and data analysis errors. 

These limited definitions of history may bring to severe methodological errors which depend on obsolete scientific paradigms. We have to remember that the real world is transforming itself following the time arrow, in a non-finalistic evolution and in a creative way. That is why history has becoming indispensable. Without it, it is simply impossible to understand properly the right sense of the events. 

At least the first two procedures may lead to considerable errors. We are of the opinion that the metabolic pool masses were not at ah accurately estimated. In order to reduce this methodological error to a minimum, we used specific sandwich ELISA directly on the Upoprotein fractions. 

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