Equivalent mass ratio

This expression is referred to as the equivalent mass ratio. The equivalent mass ratio is thus proportional to the nominal mass ratio m2/mi and the square of the distance between the absorber and the center of oscillation G. This means that if the dynamic absorber is attached to the center of... 

Fig. 8. 66. CompUance curves for various equivalent mass ratios...

Fig. 8.76. The passive gyroscopic damper The equivalent mass ratio is given by...

If the bridge vibration is dominated by torsional vibrations, oblique bending is assumed zero, 0 0,x 0 and the equivalent mass ratio... 

Comparing Eq.(46) with that of a TMD attached to a properly altered main SDOF-system Den Hartog tuning is possible with the equivalent mass ratio defined by... 

A specially designed water induction system was used in the Provo-Orem bus to increase the water induction mass ratio when operating at or near full power setting. Engine performance data as a function of the equivalence ratio and water injection mass ratio are shown in Figure 7. 

Fig. 7. NO formation for the Provo-Orem bus mn at a compression ratio of 12 1 at 30°C, 3000 rpm, where A is brake mean effective pressure B, brake thermal efficiency and C, oxides of nitrogen, (a) Effect of equivalence ratio, ( ), at a water/H2 mass ratio of 6.0 and spark = 17° before top-dead (BTC) and (b), effect of water injection where (j) = 0.60 and spark = 14°BTC. To convert MPa to psi, multiply by 14.

In addition Faraday recognized that, for different electrode reactions and the same amount of charge, the ratio of the reacting masses is equal to the ratio of the equivalent masses ... 

A complete chemical reaction in which no fuel and no oxygen is left is called a stoichiometric reaction. This is used as a reference, and its corresponding stoichiometric oxygen to fuel mass ratio, r, can be determined from the chemical equation. A useful parameter to describe the state of the reactant mixture is the equivalence ratio, d, defined as... 

Zeolites exhibit a considerably lower proton (acid site) concentration than liquid acids. For example, 1 g of H2SO4 contains 20 X 10-3 moles of protons, whereas 1 g of zeolite HY, with a Si/Al atomic ratio of five, contain no more than 3 X 10-3 moles of protons. (Note that this is a cmde approximation of the acidic sites available for catalysis, because it assumes that with both materials all protons are available and catalytically active.) Moreover, 1 g of H2SO4 occupies far less volume (i.e., 0.5 cm3) than the equivalent mass of zeolite (4-6 cm3). 

Values based on Eq. (39) are given in Fig. 6 in terms of S ps and in Fig. 7 in terms of equivalent charge-to-mass ratio for various values of surface tension. Actually the maximum value of Sps before breakup, as given by Eq. (39), is independent of pressure. The pressure term has been incorporated in Figs. 6 and 7 in order to permit direct comparison with later developments of instability due to corona. For present purposes, Figs. 6 and 7 will give a correct representation of Eq. (39) if all pressure terms (in the coordinates or in the parameter) are ignored or assumed to be unity. 

Fig. 7. Maximum stable charge on particles expressed as equivalent charge-to-mass ratio.

This is equivalent to dividing the original particle into four equal pieces. From Doyle s data, this was obviously not the case since a few very small droplets of higher charge-to-mass ratio were ejected from the large droplet. One may conclude, therefore, that an atomizing system is not an equilibrium system and that the approach leading to Eq. (55) is not valid. 

The chemical compositions and thermochemical properties of representative NC-NG and NC-TMETN double-base propellants are compared in Table 4.9. Though the NC/NG mass ratio of 0.80 is much smaller than the NC/TMETM mass ratio of 1.38, the combustion performance in terms of Tf and Mg is seen to be similar, and 0 is 109 kmol K kg for both propellants. In the case of rocket motor operation, Igp and pj, are also approximately equivalent for both propellants. 

To analyze protein-to-protein variation for each method, a group of fourteen proteins was assayed in duplicate using the standard tube protocol in a single run. The net (blank corrected) average absorbance for each protein was calculated. To make it easier to interpret, the net absorbance for each protein was expressed as a ratio to the net absorbance for BSA. If a protein has a ratio of 0.80, it means that the protein produces -80% of the color that is obtained for an equivalent mass of BSA. 

Reagents. Choline oxidase and glucose oxidase and their respective substrates, choline chloride and glucose were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St.Louis, USA). The cationic exchangers AQ 29D and 55D were kindly supplied by Eastman Chemical Inc. (Kingsport, USA) and were obtained as dispersed polymer solutions at concentration of 30 and 28% (w/v) in water, respectively. A blend of the AQ polymer solutions was prepared by mixing the AQ 29D with the AQ 55D in a ratio (1 1), and was further diluted with water to a final concentration % (w/v) indicated in the text. Nafion (equivalent mass 1100 g) 5% (w/v) in a mixture of lower aliphatic alcohols and 10% of water was obtained from Aldrich (St.Louis, USA) and diluted with methanol to yield a stock solution of 0.5% (w/v). 

The yields of soot and toxic gas species are material properties that may vary as a function of vitiation or ventilation. The latter is characterized by the equivalence ratio, i.e., the actual mass ratio of fuel to air divided by the stoichiometric ratio. This implies, for example, that underventilated fires are characterized by an equivalence ratio greater than one. 

The property of viscosity is a very useful measure of the size and shape of a particle long thin molecules give rise to increased solution viscosity as opposed to small spherical molecules. This is because the drag force exerted by one macromolecule on another or on a neighboring water molecule is proportional to the surface area. The surface area of rods is greater than the surface area of an equivalent sphere and therefore rodlike molecules have a higher surface-to-mass ratio than do spherical ones. This also implies... 

In a recent analysis of the cost of a large C02 pipeline leading to a disposal well 100 km from a large coal-to-hydrogen plant, the pipeline itself is found to contribute 13/t C (Ogden, 2003). This is one-third of this study s assumed total storage cost. At 5 t C/t H2, a mass ratio appropriate for coal (see Table 7-1), this cost is equivalent to 6.5 cents/kg H2. 

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