Equisetum

Equisetum palustre. The alkaloid palustrine, first obtained by Glet, Gutschmidt and Glet, has been prepared again and further examined recently by Karrer and Eugster. It has the formula m.p. 121 ,... 

Materials required Vegetative microspores of Equisetum arvense L. [collected from the meadows in end April or in May and stored in dry conditions] ordinary and luminescent microscopes with photocamera (one microscope with luminescent and transparent regimes), and if possible,... 

Fig. 1 Vegetative microspores of horsetail Equisetum arvense. Left - Dry spore with elaters fluoresce under UV light (360-380 nm) Right - Germinated spore without elaters. The blue-fluorescing cover is missed.

Table 2 The effects of water and ethanol extracts from allelopathically active plant species on the germination of Equisetum arvense microspores (amount of red-fluorescing microspores, % of control)... 

Fig. 2 The germination of Equisetum arvense vegetative microspores in the presence of anticontractile agents (left) and energetic inhibitors 10"5M (right). 1- colchicine 2-cytochalasin B oua - ouabain, ant - antimycin A diu - diuron, val - valinomycin.

Fig. 5 The effects of alkaloids -allelochemicals on the germination of vegetative microspores from Equisetum arvense and generative microspores (pollen) from Hippeastrum hybridum.

Materials required Vegetative microspores of Equisetum aroense or pollen from Hippeastrum hybridum microspores, ordinary light microscope, luminescent microscope... 

Roshchina, V.V., Melnikova, E.V., Yashin, V.A. and Karnaukhov, V.N. (2002). Autofluorescence of intact spores of horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.) during their development. Biophysics (Russia) 47 318-324. 

Fig. 2 LSCM view of dry and moistened (15 min) fluorescent vegetative microspore of Equisetum arvense under three laser excitation. 1 - channel 488 nm 2 - channel 533 nm 3- channel 633 nm 4-summed image with mixed (in a superposition pseudocolours. 1 bar = 20 pm.

Fig. 3 Optical slices (through 1 pm) of vegetative microspore of Equisetum arvense. Excitement with laser beams 488 (emission > 520 nm, green pseudocolor), 543 and 633 nm (fluorescence is observed at 650-750 nm, red pseudocolor).

Fig. 4 Fragment of reconstructed part of cellular surface in microspore of Equisetum arvense... 

Fig. 6 Microphotograph of fluorescent developing vegetative microspore of Equisetum arvense under laser beam 633 nm, (emission >670 nm).

Experiment 7. Analysis of the allelochemicals fluorescence out cell and after the stained cellular models - unicellular microspores Equisetum arvense and Hippeastrum hybridum. 

Procedure Cholinesterase activity was measured according to the modified biochemical methods developed for crude preparations (Gorunef ah, 1978), using Ellman reagent 5,5"-dithio-bis(p-nitrobenzoic acid) or its red analogue 2,2-dithio-bis-(p-phenyleneazo)-bis-(l-oxy-8-chlorine-3,6) -disulfur acid in the form of sodium salt, which interact with thiocholine salt (Roshchina 2001). Water extracts of vegetative microspores of horsetail (Equisetum arvense) or Hippeastrum hybridum microspores (150 mg of microspores in 30 ml for 1 h) were used. 

Fig. 4 Formulae of alkaloids wh Table 1. The rate (V) of the acetylthiocholine hydrolysis by water extracts (1 10 weight/volume) Equisetum arvense in the presense of allelochemicals -alkaloids and ozone...

L., C. arvensis L. (seed and rizoma-propagated), Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (seed-propagated), Equisetum arvense L., E. ramosissimum Desf., Oxalis corniculata L., Plantago spp., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (seed-propagated)... 

Coupland, D. and Peabody, D.V. Adsorption, translocations, and exndation of gl3qrhosate, fosamine, and anritrole in field horsetail (Equisetum arvense), WeedScl, 29 556-560, 1981. 

Knoche H, Ourisson G, Organic compounds in fossil plants (Equisetum horsetails), Angewandte Chemie, International Edition 6 1085, 1967. 

These are extremely rare natural products. Among the flavones, 6-chloroapigenin is the only compound of this type occurring naturally. It had been isolated in 1980 from an Equisetum species.The flavonol chlorflavonin (5,2 -diOH-3,7,8-triOMe-3 -chloroflavone) had been isolated from Aspergillus Candidas already in 1969. Since then, only the 7-chloroderivatives... 

Syrchina, A.I. et al., 6-Chloroapigenin from Equisetum arvense, Khim. Prir. Soedin., 4, 499, 1980. 

Equisetum arvense L. E. hyemale L. E. ramosissimum Desf. Mo Ja Chao (Horsetail) (whole plant) Equisetonin, equisetrin, articulain, isoquereitrin, galuteolin, populnin, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, astragalin, palustrine, gossypitrin, 3-methoxypyridine, herbacetrin.48 Antihemorrhagic, anodyne, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic. 

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