Equipment microscopy components

The major gaseous components were analyzed by a gas chromatograph equipped with a TCD and a molecular sieve 13X column. The specific surface areas of carbon produced were measured by the BET method(ASAP 2010, Micromeritics). The morphology and particle size of the formed carbon were investigated by the scanning electron microscopy(S-4200, Hitachi... 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) can offer a good depth of held, good resolution, and easy specimen preparation. It can be used for immiscible polymer blends, where the phases are sufficiently large and can be easily debonded. Information on surface topography, size, and distribution of the dispersed phase and interfacial interaction between phases can be elucidated with this technique. Elemental analysis on the blend components can also be obtained if the SEM equipment includes an energy dispersion X-ray spectrometer (EDX). 

After RGA data are collected and analyzed, the package is delidded to examine the inside components, interconnections, materials, and surfaces. Because removing the lid is a destructive process, it should be done in a lid-down position with special equipment to vacuum off any debris. After delidding, the components, surfaces, and connections are optically examined followed by analytical testing such surface analysis for contaminants, especially chloride and sodium ions. Scanning acoustical microscopy (SAM) is very useful in detecting voids, cracks or delamination within the adhesive or at the adhesive bond line. An excellent overview of SAM and its variations may be found in Ardebili and Pecht. ... 

The simplest method of polyblending involves equipment such as rolls or extruders, which can effect the mechanical blending of the two polymeric components in the molten state (Matsuo, 1968). High-impact polystyrene (HiPS) is an important example of a polyblend made by this technique. Such materials commonly contain 5-20 % of rubber, usually polybutadiene, dispersed in a polystyrene matrix. As shown in Figure 3.1, electron microscopy studies on specimens stained with osmium tetroxide reveal well-defined, irregular rubber particles (1-10 fim in diameter) dispersed in the polystyrene matrix. The elastomer domains appear dark because the osmium tetroxide stains the elastomer preferentially (see Section 2.4). 

A series of steps were undertaken to arrive at the final fiber push out sample and the equipment for this effort can be found in a typical machine shop knowledgeable in the machining and preparation of ceramic test specimens or components. During the sample fabrication for this effort as well as past microscopy samples, there was no indication of epoxy infiltrating into the material that could influence any testing results. Considering the low porosity of this material, it is not surprising that this was not seen. (This may be an issue for other CMC systems.)... 

The microscope and associated hardware components are the most important components in immunofluorescence microscopy as they are the tools to collect, analyse, and quantify the data. A good labelling of structures may be completety useless if the experiment is destroyed by using a microscope set-up where the emitted fluorescence cannot be collected with the appropriate sensitivity or resolution. Therefore, the microscope set-up has to be carefully chosen to cany out the experiments in mind, and the final composition may vary from case to case. Although a detailed discussion of individual microscope techniques is beyond the scope of this chapter, we will briefly discuss the considerations to be made for the setting up of such equipment to meet the demands of immunofluorescence microscopy. A more basic and detailed description of the microscopy techniques discussed here is given in ref 2. 

Confocal Raman microscopy, equipped with XYZ mapping to examine spatially resolved samples, is increasingly being used to assess the identity and content uniformity of solid state forms in low dose formulations. Solid state NMR spectroscopy, by virtue of its ability to detect specific nuclei with site selectivity, is also particularly well suited to characterizing component phases in bulk formulations. While in many cases the basic CP/MAS NMR technique is sufficiently sensitive and afibrds ample peak resolution for phase... 

A Raman microscope consists of five basic components excitation source (laser), focusing component (microscope), signal analyser (spectrometer or interferometer), photon detector (either monochannel or 2D array) and mapping unit such as a computer-controlled micromanipulator. Raman microscopes are usually equipped with low-power UVA IS or NIR lasers, with laser spot sizes (focused laser beam) below 10 pm. Raman microscopy... 

---