Fragile equipment

Environmental factors such as severe hailstorms and human errors such as impact by aircraft service equipment also cause in-service damage to bonded assemblies. Bonded honeycomb sandwich assemblies are particularly prone to such damage because of their customary use as lightly loaded fairings and flight control surfaces and subsequent thin facesheets and relative fragility. 

Using fire models, locations of equipment, heat transfer calculations, and environmental qualifications of the equipment, it is possible to estimate the time to failure. Fragility cuives that relate fire durations and equipment damage while considering the probability of fire suppre.ssion are produced to relate to the overall PSA. These fragility curves and their use is simitar the methods ised for seismic analysis. 

The fragility analysis evaluates the conditional fraction of failure of plant structures and equipment as a function of ground motion. The seismically initiated failure of plant components is expressed in terms spectral acceleration at 5.0 Hz which is between the fundamental frequency of the... 

No item of equipment is involved in more accidents than the storage tank, probably because storage tanks are fragile and easily damaged by slight overpressure or vacuum. Fortunately, the majority of accidents involving tanks do not cause injury, but they do cause damage, loss of material, and interruption of production. 

Another disadvantage is that fragile substrates used in VLSI, such as some III-V and II-VI semiconductors materials, can be damaged by the ion bombardment from the plasma, particularly if the ion energy exceeds 20 eV. In addition, the plasma reacts strongly with the surface of the coating as it is deposited. This means that the deposition rate and often the film properties depend on the uniformity of the plasma. Areas of the substrate fully exposed will be more affected than the more sheltered ones. Finally, the equipment is generally more complicated and more expensive. 

Fragile, heat- sensitive equipment Ethylene oxide Chemical Sterilization Disinfection Ethylene oxide under expert supervision ... 

Similar Ti02 nanotube array membranes of uniform pore size distribution were prepared also recently by Paulose et al and tested in biofiltration applications. The size of the membranes was 12.5 cm , a size limited by the processing equipment. These membranes can be used in lab-scale tests, but are fragile. 

By their nature, gravimetric apparatus are quite fragile and care must be exercised in their use. Volumetric equipment usually contains fragile glass components. Continuous flow instruments are all metal, except for the sample cell, and are the least fragile of the various apparatus. 

As with all delicate equipment, the pH meter and electrode must receive proper care and maintenance. All electrodes should be kept clean and stored in solutions suggested by manufacturers. Glass electrodes are fragile and expensive, so they must be handled with care. If pH measurements of protein solutions are often taken, a protein film may develop on the electrode it can be removed by soaking in 5% pepsin in 0.1 M HC1 for 2 hours and rinsing well with water. 

---