Epidermal growth factor receptor ligands

Elleman, T. C., Domagala, T., McKern, N. M., Nerrie, M., Lonnqvist, B., Adams, T. E., Lewis, J., Lovrecz, G. O., Hoyne, P. A., and Richards, K. M. et al. (2001). Identification of a determinant of epidermal growth factor receptor ligand-binding specificity using a truncated, high-affinity form of the ectodomain. Biochemistry 40, 8930-8939. 

Chen, W. S., C. S. Lazar, K. A. Lnnd, J. B. Welsh, C.-P. Chang, G. M. Walton, C. J. der, H. S. Wiley, G. N. Gill, and M. G. Rosenfeld. Functional independence of the epidermal growth factor receptor from a domain required for ligand-induced internalization and calcium regulation. Cell. 59 33-43.1989. 

Slang, E., L. E. Johannessen, S. L. Knardal, and 1. H. Madshus. Polyubiquitination of the epidermal growth factor receptor occurs at the plasma membrane upon ligand-induced activation. J Biol Chem. 275 13940-7.2000. 

Yokouchi, M., T. Kondo, A. Houghton, M. Bartkiewicz, W. C. Horne, H. Zhang, A. Yoshimura, and R. Baron. Ligand-induced ubiquitination of the epidermal growth factor receptor involves the interaction of the c-Cbl RING finger arul UbcH7. J Biol Chem. 274 31707-31712.1999. 

Rusch V, Baselga J, Cordon-Cardo C et al. Differential expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in primary non-small cell lung cancers and adjacent benign lung. Cancer Res 1993 53 2379-2385. 

Trastuzumab is a recombinant DNA-derived, humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor HER-2/ . This antibody blocks the natural ligand from binding and down-regulates the receptor. Trastuzumab is approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer in patients whose tumors overexpress HER-2/ . As a single agent it induces remission in about 15-20% of patients in combination with chemotherapy, it increases response rate and duration as well as 1-year survival. Trastuzumab is under investigation for other tumors that express HER-2... 

Schneider, M. R., Werner, S., Paus, 1C and Wolf, E. (2008) Beyond wavy hairs the epidermal growth factor receptor and its ligands in skin biology and pathology. Am J Pathol 173, 14-24. 

Hopkins, C. R., Miller, K., and Beardmore, J. M. (1985) Receptor-mediated endocytosis of transferrin and epidermal growth factor receptors a comparison of constitutive and ligand-induced uptake. J Cell Sci Suppl 3, 173-186. 

Ligand-mediated endocytosis targets specific cell surface receptors and these nanoparticles are internalized by a receptor-mediated endocytic pathway. Examples of targeting transferrin, folate, lectins, and epidermal growth factor receptors are contained in the literature [185-187]. 

Yu, X., Sharma, K. D., Takahashi, T., Iwamoto, R., and Mekada, E. (2002). Ligand-independent dimer formation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a step separable from ligand-induced EGFR signaling. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 2547-2557. 

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