Epidemiology analytical

Three of the NAS assessments entailed cross-sectional epidemiological analytical designs. Payton et al. (1994) reported that In-transformed PbB was negatively associated with In calculated creatinine clearance for 744 men evaluated between 1988 and 1991. Kim et al. (1996), in the cross-sectional portion of their NAS analyses, found a significant positive association of In-transformed PbB with concurrent serum Pb. Wu et al. (2003) evaluated a subset of the cohort (total N = 709 670 given full assessment) with respect to PbB, tibial Pb, and patellar Pb as exposure markers and both serum creatinine and estimated creatinine clearance rate as endpoints. They noted a... 

Department of Analytical Chemistry of Kazan State University, Russia, 420008 Kazan, Kremlyovskaya st., 18. E-mail gulnara207 hotmail.com -Kazan Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology Russia, 420015 Kazan, K. Marx st., 67... 

In 1987, only 800 of 3400 rural regions in the USSR could boast analytical state Agroprom laboratories, in which agricultural products were checked in some way for pesticide content. Even so, these checks covered no more than 5% of all products. The Minzdrav system was no better in 1988, only 1453 (26.411) of 5500 health and epidemiological stations in the country were supposed to monitor for pesticide content in food. Nevertheless, in 1987 Minzdrav included only 126 pesticides, and in 1988 only 152 of 262 different types of food products [3]. 

Gatsonis CA, Needleman HL. 1992. Recent epidemiologic studies of low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children A meta-analytic review. In Needleman HL, ed. Human lead exposure. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press, 243-255. 

The majority of scientific and governmental concerns for the hazards of these compounds have been directed toward analytical methodologies, toxicology, epidemiology and determination of the disposition in the environment of the single most toxic isomer, 2,3,7,8-tctrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin [77-82, 84],... 

There are two basic kinds of epidemiological studies, descriptive and analytical. The goal of the first is to describe the occurrence of disease in populations. Analytical studies identify and explain the cause of the disease. For instance, descriptive epidemiology may identify a new disease such as AIDS. Interpretation of descriptive results leads to analytical studies that examine the disease in more detail. Since epidemiology is the study of disease in populations, the proportion of affected individuals in a population is of basic importance. However, the epidemic pattern has varied from country to country. In the United States and the United Kingdom, 65% and 85%, respectively, of AIDS cases have... 

Different methods are used in epidemiology. Epidemiological studies are often divided into descriptive studies and analytic studies. 

In a 12-week epidemiological study conducted in a small town in Ohio, the ranges of concentrations of chlorine dioxide, chlorite ion, and chlorate ion in drinking water were 0.3-1.1, 3.2-7.0, and 0.3-1.1 mg/L, respectively (Lykins et al. 1990 Michael et al. 1981). In one study using a sensitive analytical method, the average concentration of chlorine dioxide in tap water from the city of Brest, France was 1.8x10 mol/L (0.012 mg/L) (Quentel et al. 1994). 

The accumulation of human data on a wider scale, and in quantitative form, has enabled radiation epidemiology to advance from an essentially descriptive stage to an analytic one in which numerical, dose-spedfic, risk estimates have begun to be treated statistically in order to identify determinants of risk. As presently conceived, these determinants include characteristics of the radiation exposure, underlying dose-response relationships, host factors, other environmental factors, differential tissue sensitivity, time after exposure, and natural levels of incidence. 

Spector TD, Hochberg MC. The protective effect of the oral contraceptive pill on rheumatoid arthritis an overview of the analytic epidemiological studies using meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol 1990 43(ll) 1221-30. 

Laboratory analysis of human samples for trace contaminants or their metabolites inevitably produces results that deviate quantitatively from the actual concentrations. Such deviations can, for example, complicate exposure classifications in epidemiologic studies, detection of time trends in exposure, and comparison of studies that use data produced with different analytic methods. Individual laboratories can use standard QA-QC methods to minimize and define the magnitude of the variations. However, federal agencies and statutes, such as CDC, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and statutes such as CLIA, could play important roles in improving the overall quality of biomonitoring laboratory data and their utility in health-related applications. 

Skipper P., and J. Groopman. 1991. Molecular Dosimetry and Human Cancer Analytical, epidemiological, and social considerations. Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press. 

---