Environmental influences temperature

Since virtually all communication by terrestrial vertebrates takes place in the air layer near the ground, the chemical ecologist has to understand the properties of that stratum. Volatiles in higher layers of air, however, may attract vultures to carcasses and could possibly serve as cues for migrating birds. Airborne odors are affected by temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, air currents, and vegetation, which, in turn, may influence temperature, humidity, and airflow. Complex interactions of these variables create countless unique environmental conditions for communication patterns of diverse species and for various specific purposes. 

In chromatographic terms the purpose of this paper is to find a mixture composition which results in a good separation of the solutes, both under standard environmental conditions and for different temperatures and relative humidities. In this section this chromatographic purpose is combined with the Taguchi approach to robustness. This results in mathematical expressions which quantify the separation and the robustness against environmental influences. 

The term thermal stability (also thermostability) refers to the resistance of a protein to adverse intrinsic and extrinsic environmental influences, i.e., the thermal characteristic of the protein to remain steady against the dena-turation of its molecular integrity and inactivation of its biologic activity on facing high temperatures or other deleterious agents (6). One of the most important indices to measure protein stability is the decimal reduction time, or D-value, the time required to reduce 90% of the initial protein concentration exposed to the reference temperature. The D-value was used... 

Time-Temperature Shift Characteristics. Temperature is a major environmental influence on viscoelastic pavement response. The VESYS IIM program can handle material properties as a function of temperature variations. The computer input command BETA relates the time-temperature shift factor, au to the temperature variable for the pavement materials. This relationship is given by ... 

If reducing the temperature is not possible, then it may be possible to eliminate one or more corrodents present, which are not critical to the product process. Halogen ions can be particularly aggressive on many materials and are often present only as a contaminant. Careful control of the pH can also be employed in many processes. There are additional environmental influences on corrosion other than the corrodent itself. 

During the collection or harvesting phase, skilled labor can be an important factor that influences quality of the harvest of wild plants. Deliberate adulteration most frequently occurs with expensive natural substances or natural substances in short supply. Mechanical devices may be more economical in the collection of some plants but may be of little use when only particular parts of another plant are desired. Cultivated plants ensure a more reliable source of the desired plant with less risk of substitution. Environmental conditions (temperature, rainfall, day length and sunlight, altitude, atmosphere, and soil) can dramatically affect quality, concentration, and presence of active constituents in plants. The age of the plant can also be an important determinant of the quality of active constituents in a crude drug. 

Macromolecules are intricate physical-chemical systems whose properties vary as a function of environmental influences such as temperature, pH, ionic strength, contaminants, and solvent composition, to name only a few. They are structurally dynamic, often microhetero-geneous, aggregating systems, and they change conformation in the presence of ligands. Superimposed on this is the limited nature of our current understanding of macromolecular crystallization phenomena and the forces that promote and maintain protein and nucleic acid crystals. 

Environmental influences on asthma were recognised by Hippocrates more than 2,000 years ago. In the 19th century, known associations with asthma included the weather, air temperature, humidity, thunderstorms, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), fenny country, season, occupation, diet, exercise, feather beds, animals, pollen and the passions . The only major risk factor not noted in the 19th century was infection, due to the lack of germ theory. However, there was no formal asthma and allergy epidemiology until the 20th century. 

The measurement and interpretation of expression levels of genes and proteins is at the center of today s attention in genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics. The goal is to create a detailed differential functional picture of the cell s inner workings, as it is determined by the cell state at hand. Cell states can be influenced and determined by external environmental factors (temperature, pH, chemical stress factors), and by internal factors such as the cell belonging to a special tissue or be in a certain disease state. 

Here should be explained the range of environmental (ambient) temperatures, humidity, winds, and available cooling water conditions. The design ambient temperature should be stated. The type of weather throughout the year may have an influence on the design of the equipment, e.g. dust-laden wind, heavy storms, corrosive rain, air contaminated with chemicals. Outdoor and indoor conditions should be described if appropriate. 

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