Engineered paper grades

If microfibrillated cellulose is used instead of complete fibres, the specific surface area increases dramatically. This is expected to compensate for the loss in interfibre bonding caused by mineral fillers. Thus, higher proportions of filler in paper are enabled. High filler content has a major effect toward lowering the raw materials costs in papermaking and also opens potential to develop novel engineered paper grades. 

Ratulowski, j., Fuex, A. N, Westrich, J. T. Sieler, J. J. 2003. Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Isothermal Compositional Grading. SPE Reservoir Evaluation and Engineering, paper 84777, June 2003. 

Hirschberg, a. 1984. The role of asphaltenes in compositional grading of reservoir s fluid column. Society of Petroleum Engineers, Paper No. 13171. 

Saylak, D., et. al., "Sulphur-Asphalt Mixtures Using Poorly Graded Sands", Transportation Engineering Journal, ASCE, Volume 101, No. 1, Proc. Paper 11106, February, 1975, pp. 97-113. 

When receiving bulk raw materials, the grade of the material must be carefully checked before it is transferred to any tank. In addition to visual and paper checks, it must be impossible from an engineered aspect to add an isocyanate to a polyol tank or a polyol to an isocyanate tank, as there may be an extremely severe reaction. 

Madsen B (1978) In-grade testing problem analysis. Forest Products Journal, 28 4) 42-50 Madsen B and Buchanan AH (1986) Size effect in timber explained by a modified weakest link theory. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2 218-32 Maeglin RR and Boone RS (1983) Manufacture of quality yellow poplar studs using the saw-dry-rip (S-D-R) concept. Forest Products Journal, 55(3) 10-8 Maeglin RR and Boone RS (1988) Saw-dry-rip improves quality of random-length yellow-poplar 2 by 4 s. USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper FPL RP-490... 

Bantour, M.T. and Chapuy, J.E. (1983) Contribution to the treatment of low grade fuel oils and evaluation of the influences on engine wear. CIMAC Paper D6.I. 

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