Enforcement styles

May Peter J. and Robert S. Wood (2003) At the Regulatory Front lines Inspectors Enforcement Styles and Regulatory Compliance Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 13(2) 117-139. 

B. Hutter (1989) Variations in Regulatory Enforcement Styles, Law and Policy, 11/2 153-174. 

The enforcement styles favoured by the Railway Inspectorate during the fieldwork period are very familiar to students of regulation in Britain as they are typically accommodative in style. If we return to the models of enforcement outlined in Chapter 1, then the Railway Inspectorate falls clearly within the accommodative/compliance/behavioural model. This can be demonstrated with reference to the use they make of the enforcement tools at their disposal and the theory—or enforcement philosophy —they claim to adhere to. 

Hutter, B. (1989). Variations in regulatory enforcement styles. Ixiw and Policy, 11(2), 153-174... 

Publishers often provide human-readable guidelines for authors (also known as style guides) for document preparation, which sometimes can extend to entire books. Humans are also quite prone to noncompliance or imperfect compliance because they are often busy or perhaps simply readily bored. Guidelines for data preparation, if they exist, are often to be found in optional categories, such as supporting information. If an author deposits data in such a form, how does the publisher know that it is correct A key aspect of XML is that documents (and of course datuments) can be validated. For publishing purposes, validation implies a contract between the author and the publisher, which is machine-enforceable. A schema formalizes the syntax, vocabulary, document structure, and some of the semantics. It comprises a set of machine-based rules to which a datument must conform. If it does not, it is the author s responsibility to edit it until it does. If it conforms, it is assumed that the author has complied with the publisher s requirements. 

With respect to technological risks, communication and participation are key to improved risk and crisis management as well as public acceptance of facilities and operations (Chakraborty 2011). Jacob Kringen (Chapter 11 in this volume) points out that the style of communication and inclusion defines much of what is known as regulatory style in the literature. This may vary between educational, accommodative, conciliatory, persuasive, insistent, and legalistic enforcement practices. Yet each of these styles demands a specific approach to internal and external communication and stakeholder involvement. 

Programming guidelines should be established to enforce consistent style among the design team. Implementation of a software quality plan may facilitate development of a consistent programming style. 

The key section in Robens-style legislation is the duty of employers. Errrplqyers are reqnired to provide a work environment, plarrt and system of work which, so far as is reasonably practicable (the wording of this varies between jrrrisdictiorrs), do not preserrt a threat to the health and safety of employees. They must also consult with workers and provide adequate information, instruction and training, and report accidents of certain types (in some cases also critical incidents) to the relevant OSH authority. Employees are also subject to a number of duties which are enforceable in law. 

Jenkins (1999, p. 10) warns that the impact of a regulatory style on the form of Safety Management System (SMS) caimot be underestimated. When the SMS process is enforced by rules, instructions, externally imposed physical and operational standards, etc., there is little room for imiovation or discretion. There is an ever-present danger of creating separate formal policies to respond to each regulator or to each new hazard. 

As with any PPE, goggles must be maintained properly and their use enforced by management. Comfort and style of eyewear will go a long way in promoting its use. 

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