Energy Internal dissipated

One of the primary goals of current research in the area of tribology is to understand how it is that the kinetic energy of a sliding object is converted into internal energy. These dissipation mechanisms detennine the rate of energy flow from macroscopic motion into the microscopic modes of the system. Numerous mechanisms can be... 

Not all nuclear transitions of this kind produce a detectable y-ray for a certain portion, the energy is dissipated by internal conversion to an electron of the K-shell which is ejected as a so-called conversion electron. For some Mossbauer isotopes, the total internal conversion coefficient ax is rather high, as for the 14.4 keV transition of Fe (ax = 8.17). ax is defined as the ratio of the number of conversion electrons to the number of y-photons. 

In a cyclic process, a macroscopic system cannot convert all its internal energy U into useful work W Some of this energy is dissipated as heat q, as shown in the equation... 

Studies on thermodynamic restrictions on turbulence modeling show that the kinetic energy equation in a turbulent flow is a direct consequence of the first law of thermodynamics, and the turbulent dissipation rate is a thermodynamic internal variable. The principle of entropy generation, expressed in terms of the Clausius-Duhem and the Clausius-Planck inequalities, imposes restrictions on turbulence modeling. On the other hand, the turbulent dissipation rate as a thermodynamic internal variable ensmes that the mean internal dissipation will be positive and the thermodynamic modeling will be meaningful. 

The photochemistry of 2-hydroxyphenylbenzotriazoles has not been studied extensively, but it is clear that the 2-hydroxy phenyl substituent is essential for light fastness and hence stabilizing potency [135]. Moreover, it has been shown that the quantum yields of fluorescence and of chemical reactions of 2-aminophenylbenzotriazoles are much lower than those of the corresponding meta or para isomers that have no internal hydrogen bond [136]. This has been attributed to the hundred-fold more rapid conversion from excited state to ground state in the former case in those conditions most of the energy is dissipated thermally. 

Damping is the rate at which material absorbs energy under a cyclical load. The energy is dissipated as heat from internal damping within the system. These energy losses are due to the combined resistances from all of the design features mentioned, i.e., the vessel, contents, foundation, internals, and externals. The combined resistances are known as the damping factor. 

The pressure term represents the turbulent energy input across a valve. An interesting feature of this equation is that it shows a dependence of dispersed phase fraction. This equation is of a more empirical nature than the others, and the extra term could include both binary coalescence in the downstream region of the valve and the possibility that a larger dispersed mass would absorb and dissipate energy internally at larger eddy sizes. It addresses, however, the nondilute situation usually encountered in crude oil/water separation processes. 

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