Energy, E, of a photon

The constant h and the hypothesis that energy is quantized in integral multiples of hv had previously been introduced by M. Planck (1900) in his study of blackbody radiation. In terms of the angular frequency a> deflned in equation (1.2), the energy E of a photon is... 

A more particle-oriented consideration of light shows that light is quantized and is emitted, transmitted, and absorbed in discrete units, so-called photons or quanta. The energy E of a photon or quantum (the unit of light on a molecular level) is given by ... 

It interacts with matter in packets, or quanta, called photons, each of which contains a definite amount of energy. The relationship between the energy e of a photon and the frequency v of the oscillating electromagnetic field is given by the equation... 

In addition to behaving as a wave, visible light (and other types of electromagnetic radiation) exhibits the properties of particles such as mass and acceleration (Einstein s observation that energy has mass, or E = me2, applies to the photon.) When light interacts with matter, it does so in discrete packets of energy called photons. The energy e of a photon is proportional to the frequency of the radiation. 

The energy E, of a photon can be related to its wavelength and frequency with the help of Planck s constant, h... 

The energy, E, of a photon of radiation is directly proportional to the frequency, and the proportionality constant is Planck s constant ... 

There are many ways of increasing tlie equilibrium carrier population of a semiconductor. Most often tliis is done by generating electron-hole pairs as, for instance, in tlie process of absorjition of a photon witli h E. Under reasonable levels of illumination and doping, tlie generation of electron-hole pairs affects primarily the minority carrier density. However, tlie excess population of minority carriers is not stable it gradually disappears tlirough a variety of recombination processes in which an electron in tlie CB fills a hole in a VB. The excess energy E is released as a photon or phonons. The foniier case corresponds to a radiative recombination process, tlie latter to a non-radiative one. The radiative processes only rarely involve direct recombination across tlie gap. Usually, tliis type of process is assisted by shallow defects (impurities). Non-radiative recombination involves a defect-related deep level at which a carrier is trapped first, and a second transition is needed to complete tlie process. 

Electromagnetic radiation of which visible light is but one example has the properties of both particles and waves The particles are called photons, and each possesses an amount of energy referred to as a quantum In 1900 the German physicist Max Planck proposed that the energy of a photon (E) is directly proportional to its frequency (v)... 

The surface to be analyzed is irradiated with soft X-ray photons. When a photon of energy hv interacts with an electron in a level X with the binding energy Eg (Eg is the energy E of the K-shell in Pig. 2.1), the entire photon energy is transferred to the electron, with the result that a photoelectron is ejected with the kinetic energy... 

One verifies that the vector = 1/V2(8 — ), constructed from positive energy solutions of (9-470), (9-471), (9-472), and (9-473), corresponds in the case of a photon of definite energy, to the photon having its spin parallel to its direction of motion, i.e., positive helicity (s-k = + k ). 

We have noted that if is the energy-momentum four vector of a photon (i.e., P = 0, k0 > 0) there exist only two other linearly independent vectors orthogonal to ku. We shall denote these as tft k) and ejf fc). They satisfy... 

Optical emission is a result of electron impact excitation or dissociation, or ion impact. As an example, the SiH radical is formed by electron impact on silane, which yields an excited or superexcited silane molecule (e + SiHa SiH -t-e ). The excess energy in SiH is released into the fragments SiH SiH -I-H2 + H. The excited SiH fragments spontaneously release their excess energy by emitting a photon at a wavelength around 414 nm. the bluish color of the silane discharge. In addition, the emission lines from Si. H, and H have also been observed at 288, 656, and 602 nm, respectively. 

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