Energy converter, thermal

A current-carrying wire converts electric energy to thermal energy with an efficiency of nearly 100 per-... 

IR detectors convert (thermal) radiation energy into electrical signals. Two classes of such detectors exist thermal detectors and quantum detectors. 

No rearrangement was observed for the pure compound 34a, adsorbed or not on KF-A1203, probably owing to its low dielectric loss. By using supports known to convert MW energy into thermal energy, the authors observed a conversion rate of 15 to 90% for 34. The best yields (30 (35e) to 90% (35c)) were obtained on graphite powder. 

A pipe transporting liquid is shown in Figure 4-6. A pressure gradient across the pipe is the driving force for the movement of liquid. Frictional forces between the liquid and the wall of the pipe convert kinetic energy into thermal energy. This results in a decrease in the liquid velocity and a decrease in the liquid pressure. 

The energy of an electronically excited state may be lost in a variety of ways. A radiative decay is a process in which a molecule discards its excitation energy as a photon. A more common fate is non-radiative decay, in which the excess energy is transferred into the vibration, rotation, and translation of the surrounding molecules. This thermal degradation converts the excitation energy into thermal motion of the environment (i.e., to heat). Two radiative processes are possible spontaneous emission, just like radioactivity, which is a completely random process where the excited state decays ... 

In converting thermal energy to useful work, a certain amount of waste (thermal) energy must be discharged into the environment. 

While hydrogen can be converted to useful energy forms (thermal, mechanical, and electrical) at the user end through five different processes, fossil fuels can only be converted through one process, i.e., flame combustion. In other words, hydrogen is the most versatile fuel. 

On principle, renewable energies are without operational primary energy raw materials per se, their conversion technologies are one and all - such as the wind energy converter, the photovoltaic cell, the hydro turbine, the heat pump, the biomass converter, or the solar-thermal power station. 

The thermocouple is a device that converts thermal energy into electrical energy. 

Reactions (1) and (2) essentially convert solar radiant energy into thermal energy. The parameters which determine the rate of ozone formation (UV photon flux, atomic and molecular oxygen number density and the total gas number density) are not constant with altitude and so the ozone concentration and hence Tg varies with altitude. The net result is that Tg increases thoughout the stratosphere until a maximum is reached at the stratopause whence Tg begins to decrease again. 

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