Energy benchmarking

Kinetic constant - activation energy - benchmarking to mini batch... 

Podeszwa, R., Patkowski, K., and Szalewicz, K (2010). Improved interaction energy benchmarks for dimers of biological relevance, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, pp. 5974-5979, doi 10.1039/b926808a. 

By the calculations of the time-dependent current density functional theory using this equation, accurate excitation energies are obtained for some n tt excitations (van Faassen and de Boeij 2004). Meanwhile, however, it has been found that quite poor excitation energies are produced for the excitations of some types of molecules. On the other hand, calculations of the adiabatic excitation energy benchmark set, containing 109 molecules, show that the vector potential correction hardly affects the calculated excitation energies (Bates and Furche 2012). 

Energy benchmarking defines an intensity measure of process energy performance. It can be used to determine the baseline of energy performance to compare with peers and measure the effects by operation and process changes. 

You may have questions during data extraction. Which data periods should be used as the basis for energy benchmarking What data are more representative than others Although the general guideline is to collect data that represent the most common operation, specific guidelines are provided below. 

Barker J A and Rettner C T 1992 Accurate potentiai energy surface for Xe/Pt(111) a benchmark gas-surface interaction potentiai J. Chem. Phys. 97 5844... 

The potential energy is never known in an absolute sense but is always measured relative to some arbihary benchmark. Let us set the potential energy to zero at the equilibrium bond length, Vq = 0, which is the bottom of the potential energy well. 

A P2 audit differs from most other types of audits because it makes use of a dual benchmarking approach namely, it uses both technical (environmental performance) and financial performance as its basis for making corrective actions. The status quo most often serves as the benchmark, though other standards certainly can be devised. A P2 audit can also affect non-environmental issues. The types of corrective actions can affect other types of wastes, energy, occupational safety, product quality, and worker productivity. 

The London-based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) is the second largest energy futures exchange in the world, listing futures contracts that represent the pricing benchmarks for two-thirds of the world s crude oil and the majority of middle distillate traded in Europe. IPE natural gas futures may also develop into an international benchmark as the European market develops larger sales volume. 

The cyclohexene hydrogenation is a well-studied process especially in conventional trickle-bed reactors (see original citations in [11,12]) and thus serves well as a model reaction. In particular, flow-pattern maps were derived and kinetics were determined. In addition, mass transfer can be analysed quantitatively for new reactor concepts and processing conditions, as overall mass transfer coefficients were determined and energy dissipations are known. In lieu of benchmarking micro-reactor performance to that of conventional equipment such as trickle-bed reactors, such a knowledge base facilitates proper, reliable and detailed comparison. 

The goal of the LCA is to understand the impact of the existing fluid milk supply chain on energy usage and GHG emissions, as well as the other impact categories provided that data are available, and to use the information as a roadmap for improvements to the process. The LCA also provides an environmental benchmark to identify points where improvements to the fluid milk supply chain may be made. 

Energy information data for the fluid milk process as reported by Xu and Flapper (2009) or obtained by energy audit is very useful for establishing benchmark performance of dairy processing plants. However, since the fluid milk process consists of several steps, energy information on each step in the fluid milk process is needed as well to lower the energy costs and GHG emissions associated with pasteurization. 

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