Energy Balance Models ocean

Demyshev SG, Korotaev GK (1992) Numerical energy-balanced model of baroclinic currents in no-flat-bottom ocean on C-grid. In Numerical models and results of calibration calculation of the Atlantic Ocean currents. INM RAS, Moscow, p 163... 

Instead of the GCMs, it has been common to use Energy Balance Models (EBMs) to study changes in climate on orbital timescales. These types of models can be grouped into four categories (1) annual mean atmospheric models (2) seasonal atmospheric models with a mixed layer ocean (3) Northern Hemisphere ice sheet models and (4) coupled climate-ice sheet models, which in some cases include a representation of the deep ocean. 

In gridpoint models, transport processes such as speed and direction of wind and ocean currents, and turbulent diffusivities (see Section 4.8.1) normally have to be prescribed. Information on these physical quantities may come from observations or from other (dynamic) models, which calculate the flow patterns from basic hydrodynamic equations. Tracer transport models, in which the transport processes are prescribed in this way, are often referred to as off-line models. An on-line model, on the other hand, is one where the tracers have been incorporated directly into a d3mamic model such that the tracer concentrations and the motions are calculated simultaneously. A major advantage of an on-line model is that feedbacks of the tracer on the energy balance can be described... 

Calculations of annual average global SAT using the energy-balance climate model with various scenarios of temporal variations of C02 concentrations have led to SAT intervals in 2020, 2050, and 2100 to be 0.3°C-0.9°C, 0.7°C-2.6°C, and 1.4°C-5.8°C, respectively. Due to the thermal inertia of the ocean, delayed warming should manifest itself within 0.1°C-0.2°C/10 years (such a delay can take place over several decades). 

Bryan, K., Cox, M. D., 1968. A nonlinear model of an ocean driven by wind and differential heating Part n. An analysis of the heat, vorticity and energy balance. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 25, 968-978. 

According to the principles mentioned above, the derivation of a numerical model of ocean ecosystem A requires either a detailed description of its states or derivation of an adequate complex of numerical models of energy exchange between the trophic levels taking place in A, as well as the interactions of biotic, abiotic, and hydrophysical factors. Of course, in this case an availability of a certain set of hypotheses is assumed concerning the character of the balanced relationship in ecosystem A. 

---