Energy absorption rate

Wt vanishes identically for a nonabsorbing medium Ws is the rate at which energy is scattered across the surface A. Therefore, Wext is just the sum of the energy absorption rate and the energy scattering rate ... 

The term Qsh is the net solar radiant energy absorption rate on the basin bottom. It is equivalent to total radiation incident on the basin cover minus reflection from the cover, the water surface, and the basin bottom, and minus loss due to structural shadowing. Its determination from Weather Bureau records of total daily radiation on a horizontal surface is complicated by many factors such as variation in angle of incidence, and resulting transmissivity of cover, hourly and seasonally, intensity change due to cloudiness, and different properties of direct and diffuse radiations. Detailed explanation of these meteorological and optical calculations is beyond the scope of this paper, but may be found in the literature (6). 

On the other hand, the specific local photon absorption rate (in [imolhi/ kg s ) (x) = fpyiKkinetic rates and radiant energy absorption rates can be easily formulated from the definition, as for any photo-reactive process (Cassano et al., 1995 Comet and Dussap, 2009 Comet et al., 2003 Pmvost and Comet, 2012), of the overall quantum yield as follows ... 

The specific absorption rate (SAR) expresses the energy absorption rate of an electromagnetic field impinging on human body tissue. It is defined as the time derivative (ie, the speed) of the infinitesimal energy dW, absorbed by an infinitesimal portion... 

Since the absorption spectrum is a ratio it is amenable to other interpretations. One such interpretation is that the absorption spectrum is the ratio of energy absorbed to energy incident. From this perspective, the quantity /)co(d/d0< li 0l f 0) is interpreted as the rate of energy absorption (per unit volume), since d E/d t = /)co(d AVd t) while tire quantity E dha is interpreted as the incident energy flux, which depends only on the field intensity and is independent of frequency. 

We now proceed to the spectrum, or frequency-dependent response [44, 42]. The power, or rate of energy absorption, is given by... 

Note the presence of the ra prefactor in the absorption spectrum, as in equation (Al.6.87) again its origm is essentially the faster rate of the change of the phase of higher frequency light, which in turn is related to a higher rate of energy absorption. The equivalence between the other factors in equation (Al.6.110) and equation (Al.6.87) under linear response will now be established. 

A. State-to-State Rate of Energy Absorption or Emission... 

TOV is considered only to select the MCOV and the rated voltage, V, of the surge arrester. This is a reference parameter to define the operating characteristics of an arrester. It plays no part in deciding the protective level of the arrester, which is solely dependent on the transient conditions of the system, as discussed later. V, is used to make the right choice of an arrester and its energy absorption capability to ensure that it does not fail under the system s prospective traiisieut conditions. 

Now let energy absorption from an rf field take plaee. The excess number of nuclei in the lower energy state is denoted n, son = N+. — N. The rate of change of n is... 

By calculating the energy to heat it is possible to determine the vibration levels to which the structure can be exposed and still exhibit critical damping. There is one area that must be evaluated. Plastics exhibit a spectrum of response to stress and there are certain straining rates that the material will react to almost elastically. If this characteristic response corresponds to a frequency to which the structure is exposed the damping effect is minimal and the structure may be destroyed. In order to avoid the possibility of this occurring, it is desirable to have a curve of energy absorption vs. frequency for the material that will be used. 

There are various approximations (7) to the above expression for the absorption rate Rj that offer further insight into the photon absorption process and form a basis for comparison to the non Bom-Oppenheimer rate expression. The most classical (and hence, least quantum) approximation is to ignore the fact that the kinetic energy operator T does not commute with the potentials Vj f and thus to write... 

For anions that are electronically bound, the anion s electronic energy Vj (Q) lies below the neutral molecule s electronic energy Vf (Q) as depicted in Figs. 2-5. Hence, because E is a positive quantity, there are no geometries for which the argument of the delta function in the above expression vanishes and, as a result, the non BO rate can not be cast in terms of shifted intersecting energy surfaces as can the photon absorption rate. 

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