Energized explosives

The heat of explosion Q can be increased by adding to the explosive composition another fuel which has a high heat of combustion AHc. Such fuels can be found with the lighter elements of the periodic table as shown in Table 5.17. 

Beryllium has the highest heat of combustion of the solid elements, followed by boron and aluminium. Aluminium is a relatively cheap and useful element, and is used to increase the performance of explosive compositions, such as aluminized ammonium nitrate and aluminized 

Aluminium is also used in some commercial blasting explosives, particularly in water-based slurry explosives, which contain a high percentage of ammonium nitrate. 

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LEED. Acronym for Laser Energized Explosive Device. See under Laser... 

The explosion was due to a failure to directly measure the property that we wish to know. The temperature point was not measuring the temperature in the reactor but the temperature near the pump. This got hot because the pump was running with a closed suction valve. Similarly, the trip initiator on J2 showed that its motor was energized. It did not prove that there was a flow. 

It is assumed that the energ) released is proportional to the mass of a specific explosive [40]. 

The IR detectors are usually connected to a controller that supplies power to the detectors and acts as a signal processor and output device. A typical controller monitors up to four detectors and energizes an output when any one of the detectors senses IR radiation that exceeds the alarm threshold level. The controller also contains the circuitry that checks the detectors and electrically supervises the interconnecting wiring to the explosive squibs or solenoid valves by trickling a small current through the external circuits. 

R. J. Spear and W. S. Wilson, Recent Approaches to the Synthesis of High Explosive and Energetic Materials , J. Energ. Mater., 1984, 2, 61-149. 

However, some refineries are required to operate the ESP whenever the main air blower is energized due to local regulations. These units have subsequently developed procedures to allow the ESP to operate at low voltages to minimize the risk of fire or explosion caused by high-hydrocarbon carryover in the presence of high-oxygen levels. 

J.C. Oxley, J.L. Smith, E. Rogers, X. Dong, Gas Production from Thermal Decomposition of Explosives Assessing the Thermal Stabilities of Energetic Materials from Gas Production Data J. Energ. Mat., 18 (2000), 97-121. 

Group I - category M2 equipment is intended for use in underground parts of mines as well as those parts of surface installations of such mines likely to be endangered by firedamp and/or combustible dusts. Equipment in this category is intended to be de-energized in the event of an explosive atmosphere... 

As an example of dust explosion protected apparatus standard IEC 61241-4, 1st edition 2001-3, types of protection pD describes a pressurization technique the interior of this apparatus is subjected to a continuous pressure from a supply of air (not containing any combustible substances) or other inert gases while electrical components within the enclosure are energized. 

So, a purging process (performed with the protective gas maintaining the positive pressure differential during operation) shall flush the hazardous mixture inside the p enclosure before energizing the apparatus. More precisely during the purging process, and with air as protective gas, the potentially explosive atmosphere inside the enclosure shall be diluted to a safe value of gas concentration, i.e. 25 per cent of LEL, or, with inert gas as protective gas, the oxygen content of the atmosphere inside the enclosure shall be reduced to 2 per cent (v/v). 

Agrawal et al. reported the synthesis of BTDAONAB (Fig. 1.3c) which does not melt below 550 °C and is considered to be a better and thermally more stable explosive than TATB. According to the authors, this material has a very low impact (21J), no friction sensitivity (> 360 N) and is thermally stable up to 550 °C. These reported properties makes BTDAONAB superior to all of the nitro-aromatic compounds which have been discussed. BTDAONAB has a VoD of 8300 m/s while TATB is about 8000 m/s [Agrawal et al., Ind. J. Eng. Mater Sci., 2004,11,516-520 Agrawal et al., Central Europ.. Energ. Mat. 2012, 9(3), 273-290.]... 

Fedorov AV, Mikhaylov AL, Men Shikh AV et al (2010) On the stability of the detonation wave front in the high explosive liquid mixture tetranitromethane/nitrobenzene. J Energ Mater 01(28) 205-215... 

The dynamics of molecules with low energy content is usually well described by a Hamiltonian that is the sum of independent degrees of freedom, and absorption spectroscopy has provided considerable information on the nature of such systems. The situation with respect to energized molecules is far more complex. A number of experimental tools have been utilized over the past 30 years to examine the nature of energy transfer in such systems, as discussed next. Many suffer from the inaccurate knowledge of the initial system state. In our brief description of several experimental methods it will become clear that experimental tools have been rapidly developing over the past few years and that an explosion of highly informative experimental data is now underway. 

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