Endoscopic guidance

Thus, the critical bending radius is the value of such that Equation 21.6 is an equality. Use of Equation 21.6 predicts that bends with radii >12,18, and 30 mm, respectively, will not result in appreciable beam leakage from fibers having 400-, 600-, and lOOO-pm diameter cores, which are typical in biomedical use. Thus, use of fibers in flexible endoscopes usually does not compromise beam guidance. 

Transtympanic endoscopy can be used as a diagnostic tool or as guidance for otosurgical interventions. In the first case the easy access of the external auditory canal allows the visualization of the tympanic membrane, a barrier between the endoscope and the middle ear only the presence of a pathologic or surgical (miringotomy) perforation permits a limited exploration of the tympanic cavity. 

Snyderman C, Zimmer LA, Kassam A (2004) Sources of registration error with image guidance systems during endoscopic anterior cranial base surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 131 145-149... 

Fried MP, Topulos G, Hsu L et al (1998) Endoscopic sinus surgery with magnetic resonance imaging guidance initial patient experience. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119 374-... 

Dixon BJ, et al. The effect of augmented real-time image guidance on task workload during endoscopic sinus surgery. Int Fomm AUerg Rhinol 2012 2(5) 405—10. 

Qiu J, et al. Displaying 3D radiation dose on endoscopic video for therapeutic assessment and surgical guidance. Phys Med Biol 2012 57(20) 6601—14. 

Vosburgh KG, San Jose Estepar R. Namral orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) an opportunity for augmented reality guidance. In Proc. MMVR. Stud Health Technol Inf 2007 125 485-90. 

Pratt P, Di Marco A, Payne C, Darzi A, Yang G-Z. Intraoperative ultrasound guidance for transanal endoscopic microsurgery. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv 2012 7510 463-70. 

A hand-held multiarm concentric-tube robotic system for transurethral laser prostate surgery has been reported previously [49]. The system is expected to facilitate holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia. It consists of a camera, a 6-DOF arm for tissue manipulation, and a 3-DOF arm for laser guidance deployed through an 8.66-mm endoscope. 

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