Tissue Manipulations

Torabi, M., Hauser, K., Alterovitz, R., Duindam, V., Goldberg, K. Guiding medical needles using single-point tissue manipulation. In Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Autom., pp. 2705-2710 (2009)... 

Accuracy or precision Suigeons Quantitative comparison of plan to actual Significantly improve the accuracy of therapy dose pattern delivery and tissue manipulation tasks (e.g., solid organ therapy, microsurgery, robotic bone machining). 

A hand-held multiarm concentric-tube robotic system for transurethral laser prostate surgery has been reported previously [49]. The system is expected to facilitate holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia. It consists of a camera, a 6-DOF arm for tissue manipulation, and a 3-DOF arm for laser guidance deployed through an 8.66-mm endoscope. 

By manipulating the genetic machinery of the cell, it is possible to cause most cellular systems to produce virtually any biochemical material. Unfortunately, the growth of cellular systems (particularly in tissue cultures) is constrained by end-product inhibition and repression hence, it is difficult to produce end products in high concentration. Furthermore, cells are always grown in aqueous solution, so biochemicals produced by cellular routes must have intrinsically high value in order for the cost of recovery from dilute aqueous solution to be minimized. Thus, most biochemicals of commercial interest... 

Eleven controlled diet and environment experiments have been designed in a way that can be used to investigate the effects of protein nutrition and heat and/or water stress on diet-tissue A N. Laboratory rats were raised on purified, pelletized diets in which the isotopic composition of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates were well characterized and their proportions accurately and precisely measured (Ambrose and Norr 1993). Four experiments involved manipulation of temperature and/or water availability. Of these four experiments, one used a diet with high (70%) protein concentrations and heat/water stress (36°C) and three used normal (20%) protein concentrations. Seven experiments were conducted at normal temperature (21°C) with water ad libitum. Of these seven experiments, two used diets formulated with veiy low protein (5%), three with normal protein and two with high protein concentrations. 

Bradykinin is another chemical with important peripheral actions but, as yet, cannot be manipulated in any direct way by drugs. It is a product of plasma kininogens that find their way to C-fibre endings following plasma extravasation in response to tissue... 

The Na/K ATPase has been extensively purified and characterized, and consists of a catalytic a subunit of around 95 kDa and a glycoprotein 0 subunit of approximately 45 kDa (Skou, 1992). The functional transporter exists as a dimer with each monomer consisting of an a and /3 subunit. Hiatt aal. (1984) have su ested that the non-catalytic jS subunit may be involved in the cottect insertion of the a subunit into the lipid bilayer and, therefore, it is conceivable that a modification of the 0 subunit structure may be reflected by changes in the catalytic activity of the a subunit. Therefore, in studies involving the manipulation of tissue glutathione levels, alterations of intracellular redox state may have an effect on substrate binding at an extracellular site on this ion-translocating protein. 

Of the compounds listed in Table II, chlorsulfuron and acifluorfen (Figure 2, VI and VII, respectively) look particularly interesting with regard to manipulation of allelochemical production. Both of these compounds can cause large increases in the phenolic titre of plant tissues (e.g. Figures 6 7). Suttle et al. (75) suggested that chlorsulfuron would be an excellent chemical for manipulation of the quality and quantity of secondary phenolic compounds in studies of the role of these potential allelochemics in ecological Interactions. 

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