Surgical guidance

Qiu J, et al. Displaying 3D radiation dose on endoscopic video for therapeutic assessment and surgical guidance. Phys Med Biol 2012 57(20) 6601—14. 

Fig. 4. Artist s drawing of the stimulator, silicone rubber tube or guidance channel, and the electrical circuit within the spinal cord. The tube was implanted into the dorsal spinal cord. The uninsulated tip of the cathodal electrode (negative) was sealed within the center of the tube, while the anodal electrode (positive) remained outside the vertebral column, sutured to paravertebral musculature. The body of the stimulator was surgically placed within the fat pad at the base of the guinea-pig s neck. To complete a circuit, current must flow initially into each end of the hollow tube as diagrammed. For diagrammatic purposes, the drawing is not made to scale. [Reproduced with permission from Borgens (1999).]...

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic of the scaffold design showing the inner and outer scaffolds, (b and c) Inner scaffolds seeded with NSCs. (Scale bars 200 pm and 50 tm, respectively.) The outer section of the scaffold was created by means of a solid-liquid phase separation technique that produced long, axially oriented pores for axonal guidance as well as radial pores to allow fluid transport and inhibit the ingrowth of scar tissue (d scale bar, 100 pm), (e) Schematic of surgical insertion of the implant into the spinal cord. [Reproduced with permission from Teng et al. (2002).]... 

Yakovlev, V. V. 2001. Advances in real-time nonlinear Raman microscopy. Proceedings ofSPIE Biomedical Diagnostic, Guidance, and Surgical-Assist Systems ///4254 7-105. 

A variety of observations of axon growth both during normal development and in response to surgical transplantation of neuronal targets (reviewed in Goodman and Shatz, 1993) also provide indirect support for chemotropic guidance cues in vertebrates. 

In lower GIH, platinum microcoils placed in or near to the bleeding artery have served as a landmark for surgical exploration. In upper GIH, there is little indication of such guidance, as gastroduodenal anatomy does not present particular difficulties during laparotomy. 

---