Endo-0-glucanases

Fig. 14 Effect of the molecular weight of tamarind seed xyloglucan depolymerized by ( ) 7-irradiation, ( ) ultrasonication, and ( ) endo-glucanase treatment on the production of various cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor a, TNE-a Interleukin 8, IL-8 Interleukin 10, IL-10 and Interleukin 12, IL-12) in HaCaT cells (Immortalized keratinocytes line) [301]...

However, if theoritically, the combination of pectinases to cellobiohydrolases plus endo-glucanases should release more than 80% of all polysaccharides from the cell walls (according to Voragen and al. [4]), in industrial conditions, we arrive almost at this level of degradation but only for the pectin. Commercial enzymes preparations contain pectinases, hemicellulases and cellulases. 

Pectin releasing enzyme mix RGase A + RGAE + galactanase + arabinanase + a-arabino-furonasidase + endo-glucanase III + protease II. 

Much effort has been expended over the years on increasing enzyme production of T. reesei by isolation of high yielding mutants and optimizing media and fermentation conditions. Strains have been isolated that produce 2-6 times the cellulase productivity of the parent wild strain (QM 6a) in batch culture. The mutants produce higher levels of cellulase protein but the specie activity of the enzymes and the proportions of the individual components (ca. 30% endo- -glucanase, 70% o- -glucanase, and less 1% cellobiase) are similar to those of the parent. 

This study describes an absolute method for the evaluation of endo-/ -glucanase (Cx) or endocellulase activities in the cellulase complex without the need of a time-consuming isolation of the endocellulase fractions. In the method proposed by Almin et al. (3), an assumption was needed in the theoretical derivation of endocellulase activities, namely, that Mv/Mn is constant in the initial stages of the enzymic reactions. We found, however, a linear relationship between Mv and STn. They used CMC as substrate, and since the mode of action of endocellu-lases on CMC can be regarded as similar to that on HEC, it is possible that their assumption is not fulfilled. 

The experiments can also be performed by means of isolated enzymes that occur in the human cecum and colon [64], These are, for instance, azoreductases for azo-prodrugs, dextranase, or particularly endo-glucanases that are able to internally cleave polysaccharide chains. The latter seem to be more effective than the azoreductases in metabolizing drugs, prodrugs, and drug-carrier materials. 

Recent developments in enzyme manufacturing have led to commercial products that contain a preponderance of one cellulase component. These mono-component enzymes are produced from modified Humicola strains and are primarily endo-glucanases active at pH 7-7.5 and are referred to as alkaline cellulases . 

Not all cellulase enzymes give identical results, even with similar fabrics in similar equipment. Cellulases derived from Trichoderma typically are the most aggressive in their action, whereas mono-component endo-glucanases often require the most mechanical action to achieve the desired effects. Slow deactivation of the cellulases during transport and storage can adversely affect the reproducibility of the resulting effects. If cotton is not washed carefully before bio-finishing,... 

The enzymes needed for good processing are (a- and P-amylases, 6-(l 3)- and 6-(1 -> 4) endo glucanases, proteases, peptidase and cellulase. Enzymes similar to those contained in malt are produced industrially and can be used to speed up filtration of the wort and of the finished beer. For optimal filtration Trichoderma spp. glucanases which possess cellulase activities are preferred ovet Aspergillus spp. and Bacillus spp. glucanases. 

Arnold (51) partially purified such an enzyme from cell-free extracts of bakers yeast Matile et al, (45) and Cortat et al. (44) demonstrated the existence of glucanase-containing vesicles within the cytoplasm of Sac-charomyces cerevisiae. These vesicles contained exo- as well as endo-glucanases but the enzymes were not studied in detail. Fleet and Phaff (47) obtained qualitative evidence for the occurrence of endo-/ -( 1 — 3) glucanases in the cell walls of Saccharomyces rosei, Kluyveromyces fragilis, Hansenula anomala, Pichia pastoris, and Candida utilis. K. fragilis and H. anomala contained only exo-glucanase in cell extracts (38). 

Figure 6. Arrhenius plot showing effect of temperature on the rate of hydrolysis of amorphous cellulose and carhoxymethylcellulose by the endo-glucanase (9)...

E. Is composed of three components (1) Endo 1, 4-S-D-glix an glucanohydrolase (endo-glucanase) with random attack on... 

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