Endless belt systems

Wendeborn and F. Cappel, Limits of the physical aspects of the sinter process, in W.A. Knepper (Ed.), Agglomeration, Interscience, New York, 1962, pp. 1041—1045. 

Dartnell, J. Davison, A. Grieve and R. Wild, Agglomeration of Iron Ores, Heinemann, London, 1973. 

Iammartino, Circular-grate pelletizer cuts costs, raises quality, Chem. Eng., (May 26, 1975) 76-77. 

Ishikawa, K. Sugawara and Y. Umezu, Latest development of sintering technology, in K.V.S. Sastry (Ed.), Agglomeration 77, AIME, New York, 1977, pp. 503—525. 

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Molten materials can also be cooled to soHd products on endless-belt systems, as shown in Figure 12. Some typical materials treated, product and feed characteristics, and capacities of belt cooling systems are given in Table 5. 

Pastes and melts are spread as a thin film on a surface where they are dried and cooled, respectively. Subsequently scraped off to yield solid product. Drum drying, flaking, melt cooling, endless belt processing, slating, pastille formation. Drum dryers, drum flakers, endless belt systems... 

Fig. 12. (a) Typical-feeding and (b) discharge systems for endless-belt cooling of molten materials. Courtesy of Sandvik Process Systems Canada Ltd. 

Bucket Elevators. In a bucket elevator, a series of buckets attached to an endless belt or chain are filled with material and lifted vertically to a head pulley or sprocket, where the material is dumped. The buckets are then returned back down to a tail pulley or sprocket at the bottom. Bucket elevators are not self-feeding. They must be fed at a controlled rate to avoid overfilling the buckets and damagiag the machinery. In the usual arrangement of a bucket elevator, the chain or belt path is vertical or steeply inclined ia a single plane. Special chain supported bucket systems that can travel ia two and three planes have been developed. 

A belt conveyor is mainly formed by an endless belt translating around two or more rollers. The material is moved by placing it directly on the translating belt. This transportation system can mainly assume two different configurations (Fig. 4) ... 

Once the pulp fibres have been refined to the necessary degree, they are then formed into a sheet of paper on the paper machine. The paper formation process itself is essentially a fast filtration process and involves the delivery of a dilute fibre suspension in water on to a woven endless plastic wire belt, through which it drains to form a wet fibre network. The Fourdrinier paper machine is the most well-established system for forming the wet web, but there are now many variations of this basic principle. A schematic diagram of the Fourdrinier formation process is shown in Figure 5.15. 

So it goes, all day long. The outside of the house is protected with hydrocarbon paint or possibly hydrocarbon derived vinyl plastie siding. In the car the dashboard, steering wheel, carpet, paint, lights, tires, belts, hoses, and in some ears the fenders, are hydrocarbon materials. Hydrocarbon-derived lubricants aid the proper function of the mechanical systems. The desk top at work, the light fixtures, the writing pen, the typewriter case, the computer case, the computer tape, the floppy disk, the hammer handle, the toolbox, and an almost endless stream of materials that make our lives pleasant, easier and more productive, are directly produced from hydrocarbon materials. 

Belt discharge. Mostly used for the discharge of sticky, thin cakes (<3 mm) whose solids may tend to blind a filter cloth. In this case the endless cloth is not fixed to the dmm, instead it passes around its outer periphery and a series of external rollers. At the discharge point the cloth lifts away from the drum and the movement over the rollers causes all the cake to be released. The exposed cloth is then cleaned by sprays before returning to the drum. Although relatively expensive to install, belt discharge systems can raise throughput by up to 30%. 

Early extractor designs based on solvent percolation were basket-type extractors in which flaked seeds were placed in baskets with perforated bottoms. These systems looked like an enclosed bucket elevator. The baskets were supported by endless chains in a sealed housing and continuously raised and lowered at a slow rate (1 revolution/h). Each basket was filled with flaked seeds by an automatic feed hopper at the top. As the basket started descending solvent is sprayed over the baskets. The spent flakes in baskets ascended to the top of the housing on the opposite side of the feed hopper. At the top baskets were automatically inverted and spent seeds were discharged into a hopper, from which they were transferred to a meal desolventizer on a conveyor belt. Basket type extractors were bulky and hard to maintain. The newer extractor designs are horizontal and rotary type. The design principle for horizontal extractors is similar to the basket-type extractors but the baskets rotate in a... 

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