Enclosed turbines

Turbine inlet temperature. Thermocouple is constructed of platinum-platinum rhodium with the junction enclosed with ceramic insulation. Typically, 9-12 units are required at this stage. 

For a cyclic gas turbine plant in which fluid is circulated continuously within the plant (e.g. the plant enclosed within the control surface Y in Fig. 1.2), one criterion of performance... 

In recent years there has been a rapid growth in the number of combined heat and power (CHP) and combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants, driven mainly by gas turbines using natural gas, sometimes with liquid fuel available as stand-by. Governments have encouraged the construction of these plants, as their efficiency is high and they produce less carbon dioxide than conventional coal and oil-burning power stations. However, they present some hazards, as gas turbines are noisy and are therefore usually enclosed. 

The turbine has the features of (1) variable speed operation, (2) ease of controls, (3) nonsparking operation for hazardous environment, (4) enclosed operation suitable for corrosive atmospheres, (5) operation without electrical power, (6) small space requirements per horsepower, (7) steam use under almost any condition to suit plant heat bal-... 

Turbines and gas compressors are normally provided as a complete assembly in an acoustical enclosure. Because the equipment is enclosed and handles gas supplies, it is a prime candidate for the possibility of a gas explosion and fire. 

Water mist systems are intended for rapid suppression of fires using water discharged into completely enclosed limited volume spaces. Water mist systems are desirable for spaces where the amount of water that can be stored or that can be discharged is limited. In addition, their application and effectiveness for flammable liquid storage facilities and electrical equipment spaces continues to be investigated with optimistic results. Water mist systems are also used for gas turbine enclosure protection. 

The other environmental impact consideration is noise. The air compressor with its tail-gas expander and steam-turbine drive could present a problem. Therefore, this unit should be enclosed in a brick building to contain the noise, with those working inside the building required to wear approved ear protection. 

In the bottom left of Figure 1.22, an oscillating water column is shown, which consists of a partially submerged concrete or steel structure that has an opening to the sea below the waterline. It encloses a column of air above a column of water. As waves enter the air column, they cause the water column to rise and fall. This alternately compresses and depressurizes the air column. As the wave retreats, the air is drawn back through the turbine as a result of the reduced air pressure on the ocean side of the turbine. 

Lubricating relief valves on enclosed systems, such as compressors, turbines, and generators—every 36 months. 

In many ways, the design of a nuclear power plant and that of a fossil fuel burning power plant are very similar. In both cases heat from a reaction is used to generate steam. The steam is then used to drive turbines that produce electricity. In a typical fossil fuel power plant, the chemical combustion of coal, oil, or gas generates the heat, whereas in a nuclear power plant, a nuclear fission reaction generates the heat. Because of the hazardous radioactive fuels and fission products present at nuclear power plants, a dense concrete structure is usually built to enclose... 

TURBINE ROTOR - The rotating assembly enclosed within the turbine casing... 

Pulse combustion is a specific form of combustion-driven oscillation. Combustion oscillations can be an inherent problem or a potential benefit in enclosed combustion systems, such as gas turbine combustors, afterburners, furnaces, and rocket engines. Oscillations can produce beneficial increases in heat transfer rates and reduce pollutant formation. In other situations, these instabilities are undesirable because they may reduce the thermodynamic efficiency of a combustor or become a source of system failure if their amplitude is not kept within an acceptable range. Oscillations in the pulse combustion drying systems are desired and useful. Combustion with oscillations may be treated as some regular form of unstable combustion. 

In a planar turbine configuration, the flow expands radially through circumferential rows of blades. Stator blade rows are fixed and tend to deviate the flow in the tangential direction. The swirling flow then enters the next blade row that is attached to the disk, the rotor. The curved rotor blades turn the flow in the opposite direction, which imparts a reaction force on the rotor. With respect to the center of the disk, this force is a moment, or torque T, that sets the rotor in motion. This process of fluid-to-mechanical energy conversion is best described by the conservation of angular momentum applied to a control volume enclosing a blade row ... 

The enthalpy has certain important applications to steady-flow systems. In Fig. 13 the central rectangle represents an apparatus C (e.g. turbine, reaction vessel) through which there is a steady flow of material, which enters through pipe A and leaves through pipe B. Such processes can be discussed most clearly by concentrating attention on a fixed quantity of the moving fluid, enclosed between the two imaginary pistons a and 6. 

An advancement is made on the gas-cooled reactor design. Each of the two reactor does have its core, boilers and gas circulators enclosed in a prestressed concrete pressure vessel. Natural uranium used as a fuel. In a turbine house unit generating sets are used, each one rated at 313 MW. It is four miles from Berkeley. 

Enclosed locations that may be susceptible to build-up of combustible gases are typically provided with ventilation systems that will disperse the gases or provide sufficient air changes to the enclosures such that leakages will not accumulate. Typical examples include battery rooms, gas turbine enclosures, offshore enclosed modules, etc. 

Turbines and gas compressors are commonly provided as a complete assembly by vendors in an acoustical enclosure. Because the equipment is enclosed and handles gas supplies, it is a prime candidate for the possibility of a gas explosion and fire. The most obvious source of a gas accumulation is a fuel leak. Other rare losses have occurred due to lubrication failures, causing the equipment to overheat, with subsequent metal fatigue and disintegration. Once disintegration occurs, heat release from the combustion chamber will occur along with shrapnel and small projectiles that will be thrown from the unit from the inertia momentum of the rotating device. 

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