Encapsulation of Cations

The covalent capsule 132 is reported in [98] to encapsulate one ammonium cation, thus giving a 

A combined synthetic strategy including subsequent imine condensation-hydrogen reduction reactions and condensation of a diamine-terminated maaocycUc precursor with the corresponding aromatic dichloroanhydride by 

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Fiedler, D., Pagliero, D., Brumaghim, J.L., Bergman, R.G. and Raymond, K.N. (2004) Encapsulation of cationic ruthenium complexes into a chiral self-assembled cage. Inorg. Chem., 43 (3), 846-848. 

Fiedler D, et al. Encapsulation of cationic ruthenium complexes into a chiral self-assembled cage. Inorg Chem 2004 43 846-8. 

In this section we summarize the fundamentals of supramolecular chemistry dealing with encapsulation of cations by cage-type ligands (Lehn 1985, 1988). 

In conclusion, the properties illustrated above show that encapsulation of cations by cage-type ligands can give rise to complexes exhibiting a variety of new properties. Nowadays, these complexes are widely studied because of their importance for applications. These aspects characterize the study presented here, which, as described in sect. 1, focuses on obtaining intense luminescence in solution upon encapsulation of the Eu and Tb + ions by suitable cage-type ligands and on the applications one can develop on the basis of this luminescence. 

This manuscript describes the dendritic macromolecules for optical and optoelectronic apph-cations, particularly stimulated emission, laser emission, and nonlinear optics. Dendrimers have been designed and synthesized for these applications based on simple concepts. A coreshell structure, through the encapsulation of active imits by dendritic branches, or a cone-shaped structure, through the step-by-step reactions of active imits, can provide particular benefits for the optical high-gain media and nonlinear optical materials. It also described experimental results that support the methods presented for designing and fabricating functionalized dendrimers for optoelectronic applications, and theoretical results that reveal the intermolecular electronic effect of the dendritic structure. 

While the encapsulation of SCO cations within anionic networks needs further development, particularly by use of cations having abrupt SCO transitions, the results to date show that the cationic and anionic networks remain independent, magnetically, with little cooperativity being evident. 

A good general-purpose weak acid cation-exchange column for non-suppressed applications is the Metrosep Cation C 2 column from Metrohm. As the selection of eluents used with this column is quite varied, the reader is referred to Metrohm column literature for specific eluent recommendations. The Metrosep Cation C 2 column is prepared via encapsulation of a porous silica substrate maliec acid copolymer. 

The encapsulation of pDNA can also be accomplished with the use of a detergent dialysis procedure (12). In contrast to the PFV approach, the detergent dialysis procedure starts off with a micellar system and leads to encapsulation of pDNA in unilamellar liposomes called SPLP after detergent removal. Plasmid entrapment relies on a delicate balance between cationic lipid content and ionic strength of the solution. 

Saravolac EG, Ludkovski O, Skirrow R, et al. Encapsulation of plasmid DNA in stabilized plasmid-lipid particles composed of different cationic lipid concentration for optimal transfection activity. J Drug Target 2000 7 423. 

Confinement of ion-radicals considerably changes their reactivity. What is more important for practical applications is that the confinement increases the ion-radical stability. For instance, the cation-radicals of polyanilines (emeraldines) sharply enhance their thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities when they are formed encapsulated in cucurbituril (Eelkema et al. 2007). Emeraldines have electric condnctivity as high as 1 X 10 cm (Lee et al. 2006). Encapsulation of emer-... 

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