Detergents removal

Detergent removal during membrane reconstitution, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 601, 328-342. 

A. (1986a). Preparation of liposomes via detergent removal from mixed micelles by dilution. The effect of bilayer composition and process parameters on liposome characteristics, Pharm. Weekbl. 

Schwendener, R. A., Asanger, M., and Weder, H. G. (1981). n-Alkylglucosides as detergents for the preparation of highly homogeneous bilayer liposomes of variable sizes (60-240 (p) applying defined rates of detergent removal by dialysis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.. 100, 1055-1062. 

Other methods for preparing liposomes have been developed, such as hydration of lipids from an organic phase, and detergent removal methods. A lipid bilayer is formed in an aqueous solution of lipids dissolved in an organic solvent... 

Subsequent to possible solubilization of membrane-bound proteins, solubilization must be verified. The criteria listed in Table 2 are relevant in assessing whether solubilization has been accomplished. To ascertain whether the solubilized protein has retained biological activity, membrane reconstitution (28) is attempted subsequent to detergent removal (24). Reconstitution is often visualized by electron microscopy employing either negative staining or freeze fracture. 

The encapsulation of pDNA can also be accomplished with the use of a detergent dialysis procedure (12). In contrast to the PFV approach, the detergent dialysis procedure starts off with a micellar system and leads to encapsulation of pDNA in unilamellar liposomes called SPLP after detergent removal. Plasmid entrapment relies on a delicate balance between cationic lipid content and ionic strength of the solution. 

J-L Rigaud, D Levy, G Mosser, O Lambert. Detergent removal by non-polar polystyrene beads. Applications to membrane protein reconstitution and two-dimensional crystallization. Eur Biophys J 27 305-319, 1998. 

Solubilisation is important in the formulation of pharmaceutical drugs containing water insoluble ingredients, in detergency (removal of oily soil), in emulsion polymerisation and in micellar catalysis. 

In between, the molecular assembly size increases with MEGA-n concentration. It is only this concentration region where the size shows even more increase on dialytic removal of MEGA-n surfactant. These phenomena are closely related with the "detergent-removal method" often employed in phospholipid-mild surfactant systems. 

Once purified, DNA is a fairly stable polymer if stored appropriately. Since living cells contain many other complex biomolecules besides DNA, methods exist that allow the isolation of DNA in pure form. More details on this topic are presented in Chapter 8. Routine methods of DNA isolation in solution, however, cause some unavoidable shearing of DNA due to hydro-dynamic shear forces, and as a result, the average size of isolated DNA is about 100 to 200 kilobases (kb). The basic steps in DNA isolation involve cell disruption and lysis by treatment with detergents, removal of cellular proteins by either enzymatic digestion with a protease or extraction with... 

Explain how soaps and detergents remove dirt from a material during washing... 

Lacapbre JJ, Stokes DL, Olofsson A, Rigaud JL. Two-dimensional crystallization of Ca-ATPase by detergent removal. Biophys. J. 1998 75 1319-1329. 

---