Encapsulated microbes

The presence of edema and increased skin fragility (often the site of entrance of bacteria) are among the causes of increased risk of infections in nephrotic syndrome. Losses of immunoglobulin G and factor B (from the alternative pathway of the activation of complement) into the urine weaken the ability of the defense system to respond mainly to encapsulated microbes like pneumococci. The function of lymphocytes can be further weakened as a consequence of losses of zinc and transferrin into the urine. Weakening of the phagocytic function of macrophages has been described as well. 

Rudd, T., Sterritt, R.M., and Lester, J.N., Mass balance of heavy metal uptake by encapsulated cultures of Klebsiella aerogenes, Microb Ecol, 9 (3), 261-272, 1983. 

The resident microbes within the mouth readily form biofilms on teeth. A biofilm consists of a population of bacteria coexisting in an orderly structure at the interface of a solid and a liquid [14] and, within a biofilm, bacteria living in colonies encapsulated in a matrix of extracellular polymer. Oral biofilms are known to vary extensively in structure throughout the colony, with regions of densely packed microorganisms surrounded by open water channels. Each type of bacteria exists in reasonably defined environments which are influenced by surrounding cells, distance from the outer surface and local structure, all of which influence availability of nutrients and ambient pH. 

Mansfeld, J. Forster, M. Schellenberger, A. Dautzenberg, H. Immobilization of invertase by encapsulation in polyelectrolyte complexes. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1991, 13 (3), 240-244. 

If the target microbes are covered or encapsulated under a protective layer of organic soil, such as serum, blood, food residues, or fecal matter, they are more difficult to kill. If the organic soil adsorbs the QAC, it reduces tlie amount available for attacking the microorganism(s). Test procedures have been described to evaluate activity in the presence of organic soil loads [35],... 

The growth cycle for mammalian cells very closely resembles that of microbes. However, bioreactors for the culture of animal cells differ in several important respects from those employed in the culture of microorganisms, as well as from traditional fermentation equipment. These differences have their genesis in the nature of the walls that encapsulate the mammalian cells, especially the responses of these walls to shear stresses during culture. Indeed, some have suggested that because these walls are so thin relative to those of the bacteria and yeasts traditionally used in fermentation, it would be more appropriate to label the structure that differentiates the animal cell from its environment as a membrane rather than a cell wall. 

C. Heinzen, I. Marison, A. Berger, and U. von Stockar. Use of vibration technology for jet break-up for encapsulation of cells, microbes and liquids in monodisperse microcapsules. Landbauforschung Voelkenrode Sonderheft, 241 19-25, 2002. 

Frosch M, Roberts I, Gorgen I, Metzger S, Boulnois GJ, Bitter-Suermaim D (1987) Serotyping and genotyping of encapsulated Escherichia coli Kl sepsis isolates with a monoclonal IgG anti Kl antibody and Kl gene probes. Microb Pathog 2 319-326... 

Park, J.K. and Jung, J.Y. (2002) Production of benzaldehyde by encapsulated whole-cell benzoylformate decarboxylase. Enzyme Microb. Technol, 30, 726-733. 

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