Enable processes transportation management

A membrane can be defined as a thin and selective barrier that enables the transport or the retention of compounds between two media. In the case of ceramic membranes, the usual driving force for transport is a pressure gradient between the feed and strip compartments (transmembrane pressure). The treated phases can be liquid or gas. For porous membranes, the pore size mainly manages the cutoff of the membrane. However, for retention of the smallest entities by the smallest pores, the transport mechanisms are more complex than simple sieving. Specific physical and chemical interactions (electrostatic repulsion, physisorp-tion, capillary condensation, etc.) become preponderant and determine the membrane selectivity. Table 25.1 summarizes the characteristics of the main processes in which ceramic membranes are involved. 

Pollutants present in the soil are recovered from the electrode solutions and also, the chemicals to enhance the separation and transportation of pollutants are supplied to the electrode solutions. Therefore, a circulation system is important for the management of the electrode solution and to maintain the parameters like temperature and pH of the anolyte as well as the catholyte. A proper circulation control system enables complete mixing of electrode solutions and sample withdrawal also if necessary. It might also include a process piping to distribute any chemical amendments to electrode wells and to extract the contaminants from the electrode solutions (e.g. precipitation and ionic exchange). 

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