Emulsions continued

Growth in PVAc consumption is illustrated in Eigure 3. The emulsions continue to dominate the adhesives and paint markets. It also shows the distribution of PVAc and copolymer usage by market. The companies Hsted in Table 10 are among the principal suppHers of poly(vinyl acetate)s and vinyl acetate copolymers, but there are numerous other suppHers. Many other companies produce these polymers and consume them internally in the formulation of products. 

Figure 3.6 Effect of Ca2+ content on predicted values of osmotic pressure (H, , left axis) of caseinate nanoparticles in emulsion continuous phase and the free energy of the depletion interaction (AGdep, , right axis) between a pair of emulsion droplets (

Bubbles/voids move violently, rendering it difficult to distinguish the emulsion (continuous) phase from the bubble/void (discrete) phase in the bed. 

ROHM AND HAAS CO. RHOPLEX Acrylic Emulsions(Continued) ... 

As the emulsion continues flowing from the middle of the module to z = 0, the mass transfer from the effluent to the organic phase increases and outnumbers the mass transfer from the organic to the stripping phase. In other words, the first term on the right-hand side of Equation 37.47 compensates the second, which has an opposite sign. 

Phthalate esters can be extracted by separatory funnel liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with methylene chloride,following EPA method 3501. To prevent the formation of emulsions continuous LLE extraction can be used, as described in standard method 3520. However, according to method 8061, continuous LLE should be avoided since phthalate esters with longer chains tend to absorb into the glassware and consequently extraction recoveries are less than 40%. In addition to LLE techniques, EPA procedures include SPE with Cjg disk and cartridge." " To elute trapped analytes, method employs acetonitrile... 

Gel (or solid emulsion) continuous network of solid particles dispersed in a liquid jellies, gelatine... 

When the evaporation reaches E the droplets consist entirely of the highly viscous liquid crystal and the emulsion is now transferred to a suspension of almost solid particles (although by definition it is an LC/O emulsion). Continued evaporation takes place from flie liquid-crystalline particles to point F, when the surfactant liquid G begins to form inside the liquid-crystalline particles. At G all flie liquid crystal is changed to the surfactant liquid and wifii die last water removed an emulsion of the surfactant liquid with 16% triglyceride-in-oil [14% (by weight) surfactant liquid-in-84% oil] is the final state. Owing to the extremely low vapor pressure of the oil, this is the final state for applications. 

Table 3.13 Specification framework for cationic bituminous emulsions - properties of the emulsion (Continued)... 

Antioxidants in emulsion (20 ppm) Added emulsifier (%) Olive oil emulsion Continous phase Salmon oil emulsion Continuous phase... 

Differences in emulsion viscosities are principally due to the different viscosities of the emulsion continuous phase (oil phases). Although for some emulsions clear phase separation was visible to the naked eye, viscosity values revealed no significant changes during storage, even at higher temperature, due to the dominance of the continuous phase viscosity on the bulk viscosity. 

E-PVC is manufactured essentially by three polymerisation processes batch emulsion, continuous emulsion and microsuspension. All these processes are used to produce a range of latex particle size distributions and thus plastisol rheologies. Different paste applications demand different rheolog> profiles. The microsuspension process intentionally produces latexes with a significant content of coarser particles. 

Several manufacturers market continuous emulsion polymer feed systems. These systems pump neat polymer from the storage container into a dilution chamber, where the polymer is combined with water and fully activated. The polymer-water solution then flows by water pressure to the point of application. Provision is made for secondary in-line dilution water to dilute the polymer further prior to use. These polymer feed systems are by far the easiest and best ways to feed emulsions continuously. 

Figure 2.4 Mean square displacement of inverse droplets In an inverse emulsion dashed line), in globules of a multiple emulsion continuous line). Straight hues, of slopes 1 and 3/4, are guides for the eye.

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