Emulsions templating

Anton, N., Benoit, J. P. Saulnier, P. (2008). Design and production of nanopartides formulated from nano-emulsion templates - A review. Journal of Controlled Release, Vol. 128, 3, (June 2008), pp. (185-199), ISSN 0168-3659... 

Imhof, A. and Pine D.J. (1997) Ordered macroporous materials by emulsion templating. Nature, 389, 948-951. 

Emulsion-templated encapsulation A polymeric shell is self-assembled or formed over a hquid emulsion droplet. This typically includes capsules made by coacervation and interfacial polymerization as well as many coUoidosomes. 

The work was also extended to the application of functionalised emulsion-templated polymers (polyHIPEs) with CTAB as a suitable medium and also a source of in situ release of the surfactant for a wide range of fundamental free radical reactions.18... 

A. Imhof and D.J. Pine, Ordered Macroporous Materials by Emulsion Templating. Nature (London), 1997, 389, 948-951. 

Butler RD, Cait M, Cooper Andrew I. Emulsion templating using high internal phase supercritical fluid emulsions. Adv Mater 2001 13 1459-1463. 

The formation of nanoparticles from microemulsions need not essentially follow the template shape. Pileni [32] (as quoted by Ganguli and Ganguli) has shown that with water/isooctane/Cu( AOT)2 shapes like sphere to cylinder to mixed spherulites and cylinders to other polydisperse shapes were possible with increasing to. According to Pileni [33], the presence of salt anions can control the shape while chloride ions favour formation of nanorods, nitrate ions hinder it. The surfactant content also can have a say on the shape of nanoparticles. The infrequently observed morphologies of nanoparticles, viz. wires, trigons, hexagons, cubes etc. have so far no specific and reliable reasons for formation in micro emulsion templates. 

Imhof A, Pine D. Uniform macroporous ceramics and plastics by emulsion templating. Adv Mater 1998 10 697-700. 

Emulsion templated scaffolds that include gelatin and glycosaminoglycans. Biomacromolecules, 9 (10), 2844-2856. 

Fig. 10 Droplet microfluidics for microparticle synthesis, (a) Janus particle synthesis by coflowing two monomer streams. Reproduced with permission from [82]. (b) Channel geometry facilitated aspherical particles synthesis. Reproduced with permission from [111], (c) Multiple emulsion templated composite particles synthesis. Reproduced with permission from [112]...

The synthesis of emulsion-templated polymers using high internal phase C02-in-water emulsions (CAV HIPEs)... 

Synthesis of Emulsion-Templated Potymers from C/W HIPEs... 

Table 2. Synthesis of Emulsion-Templated Polymers from CA HlP s...

Partap S, Hebb AK, Rehman I et al (2007) Formation of porous natural-synthetic polymer composites using emulsion templating and supercritical fluid assisted impregnation. Polym Bull 58 849-860... 

Bilberry extract Whey proteins Emulsion templating and hot gelation Preservation [158]... 

Lee D, Weitz DA (2008) Double emulsion-templated nanoparticle colloidosomes with selective permeability. Adv Mater 20(18) 3498-3503... 

In another variation, dense gas CO can be used to induce porosity in polymeric biomaterials. As dense gas CO generally has a low solubility in hydrophilic polymers, various attempts have been made to improve the ability of dense gas to diffuse into hydrogel precursor solutions and produce porosity in hydrogel matrices, such as COj-water emulsion templating or the use of cosolvent systems [69]. With this technique, it is difficult to control pore size and ensure pore interconnectivity. 

A highly porous polymeric foam can be prepared through emulsion templating by polymerizing the continuous phase of high internal phase emulsions [150], A maleimide-terminated aryl ether sulfone oligomer was copolymerized with divinylbenzene in the continuous phase, using a mixed surfactants system, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, dodecylbenzene-sulfonic acid sodium salt, and a peroxide initiator. The polymers show a CO2 adsorption and improved mechanical properties. The materials exhibit an open cell and a secondary pore structure with surface areas of a 400 m g ... 

Fig. n.4 Porous emulsion-templated polymer prepared by polymerization of a concentrated C02-in-water (C/W) emulsion. The cells that can be observed in the structure are direct replicas of the CO2... 

Hollow microsphere (diameter 360-1200 nm) of PANI-NSA has been fabricated using an emulsion template method at low temperature [284]. In this template method, the target material is precipitated or polymerized on the surface of the template, which results in a core-shell structure. On removing the template, hollow microsphere can be obtained. However, the removal of the template often affects the spherical structure, especially for hollow polymer microsphere. Therefore, they select the emulsion template method as the emulsion can be readily removed through dissolution or evaporation after polymerization. 

Emulsion-templated highly porous PolyHIPE monoliths These are initiated from high internal phase liquid emulsions and polymerized (see the review by Silber-stein [42]). In general, the main porosity of High Internal Phase Emulsions (HIRES) lies in the micrometer size range, but HIRES may show a multiscale porosity with one distribution down to some tens of nanometers. 

M.S. Silverstein, Emulsion-templated porous polymers a retrospective perspective, Polymer 55 (1) (2014) 304-320. 

Zoldesi, C. I. Van Walree, C. A. Imhof, A., Deformable Hollow Hybrid Silica/ Siloxane Colloids by Emulsion Templating. Langmuir 2006, 22, 4343-4352. 

Silverstein MS (2014) PolyHIPEs recent advances in emulsion-templated porous polymers. Prog Polym Sci 39(l) 199-234... 

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