Emulsion stabilizers anhydride

A very successful approach to the preparation of starch-based emulsion stabilizers has been the development of polysaccharide derivatives of substituted dicarboxylic acids by Caldwell and Wurzburg (4). The invention involves the treatment of starch with substituted cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides having the following structural formula ... 

An example of the improved emulsion stabilizing properties imparted by treatment of starch with octenylsuccinic acid anhydride can be seen in... 

Definition Polymer consisting of the partial isopropyl ester of the polycarboxylic resin formed from vinyl methyl ether and maleic anhydride Uses Antistat, binder, emulsion stabilizer, film-former in cosmetics, hairsprays, mousses, gels, creams, lotions, coatings, polishes Features Forms clear, glossy films with substantivity and moisture resistance PVM/MA decadiene crosspolymer CAS 136392-67-1... 

Definition Sodium salt of a polymer synthesized from C4-12 olefins and maleic anhydride Uses Dispersant for pigments and dyestuffs binder, emulsion stabilizer in cosmetics Trade Name Synonyms Demol EP [Kao Corp. SA http //www. kao. es]... 

Definition Reaction prod, of phthalic anhydride and octadecylamine Empirical C26H43NO3 Na Uses Emulsifier in cosmetics rheology modifier, emulsion stabilizer, suspending agent for o/w emulsions, emollients, moisturizing creams/lotions, therapeutic prods. SPF enhancer for sunscreens Trade Name Synonyms STEPAN-MILD RM1 [Stepan http //www.stepan.com]... 

Definition Monoester of caprylic acid and hexitol anhydrides derived from sorbitol Empiricai C14H26O6 Properties Nonionic Uses Emulsifier for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, foods antistat emulsion stabilizer, thickener fiber lubricant/softener for textiles... 

The octenylsuccinic acid anhydride treated starches give on the average smaller oil droplet particle sizes and better emulsion storage stability than both gum arabic and a starch dextrin. 

The cationic Surfmers produced much smaller particle sizes in the emulsion polymerization of styrene and styrene/butyl acrylate than the amphoterics (20-50 nm versus 100-300 nm). Some of the latter, however, conferred to the copolymer lattices stability to electrolytes and freeze-thaw [24]. Similar, but nonreactive surfactants produced from succinic anhydride gave similar stability but had much inferior water resistance [25]. 

Introduction of additional negative charge into proteins by reaction with dicarboxylic anhydrides resulted in an increased solubility in neutral and weak alkaline aqueous solutions [11-13], A positive correlation between solubility and the ability of a protein to emulsify has been documented by some authors [59-62], An increase in protein solubility would encourage a rapid migration to and adsorption of the protein at the water-oil interface. The adsorption would, in turn, lower the interfacial tension between the water and the oil and stabilize the emulsion [63 J. In fact, improved emulsifying properties have been found after succinylation or citraconylation of a large number of food proteins such as myofibrillar fish proteins [10, fish protein... 

A very common copolymer of vinyl chloride is with vinyl acetate. Copolymerization with vinyl acetate improves stability and molding characteristics. The copolymers are also used as fibers and as coatings. Copolymers intended for use in moldings are usually prepared by suspension polymerization. Those intended for coating purposes are prepared by solution, emulsion, and suspension polymerizations. The copolymers used in molding typically contain about 10% poly(vinyl acetate). Copolymers that are prepared for coating purposes can contain from 10-17% poly(vinyl acetate). For coatings, a third comonomer may be included in some resins. This third component may, for instance, be maleic anhydride, in small quantities, like 1%, to improve adhesion to surfaces. 

Low-molar-mass poly(butadiene) oils with 80%-97% cw-1,4 contents are produced with other Ziegler catalysts (for example, cobalt compounds with alkyl aluminum chlorides or nickel compounds with trialkyl aluminum and boron trifluoride-etherate). The products have few cross-links and dry as fast as wood oil and faster than linseed oil. Conversion of the poly (butadiene) oils with 20% maleic anhydride gives air-drying (air-hardening) alkyd resins. Modified poly (butadiene) oils stabilize erosion-endangered soils. Because of its low viscosity, the aqueous emulsion penetrates the surface soil layers. The surface crust is reinforced by an oxidative bonding process. Since no skin is formed on the soil crust, the aqueous absorption characteristics of the soil are retained. 

ABS is also produced via bulk polymerization, with similar characteristics as noted above for HIPS. However, commercial ABS is primarily produced via emulsion polymerization, where SAN is polymerized in the presence of prepolymerized rubber (PB or SBR) emulsions. SAN is grafted to the rubber particles and also crosshnks the rubber particles, providing melt processing particle size stability. The advantage of emulsion polymerization versus bulk polymerization involves the ability to attain lower particle size and thus improved gloss of the injection molded or extruded articles of mamrfacture. ABS can tolerate lower rubber particle size than HIPS without loss of impact strength. In addition to PB and SBR, EPDM and acrylate rubbers have also been employed in the impact modification of PS and SAN. The primary advantage of these rubber modifiers involves the improved weatherabihty and thermal (oxidative) stability. Styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymers have been impact modified with similar rubber and processes as HIPS and ABS. 

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