Emulsion injection into

Emulsion Injection Into Cores Containing Residual Oil. These experiments were performed because of uncertainty about the effect of residual oil on an "emulsion block." In the case of residual oil remaining in the core, the effective permeability to water is much lower at the beginning of emulsion injection than with an oil-free core. The results for Delaware-Childers oil are summarized in Table VII. 

Specified concentrations of TFSA were injected into sample bottles containing 0.1 dm3 of the untreated crude oil emulsion. The sample bottles were then capped, vigorously shaken and heated to the approx>riate reservoir temperature. The volume percentage of the total water phase which separates from the oil, the clarity of... 

Soy Protein Concentrates. Both non-functional (low or no solubility) and functional (good solubility, emulsification capacity, and dispersibility) soy protein concentrates (70% protein, dry basis) are commercially available for use in meat products (2-4, 6, j), 15) Normally, a highly functional product with no harsh or bitter flavors is desirable. When used to replace lean meat, non-hydrated concentrate can be used at levels up to 6-7% in finished nonspecific emulsion meats Higher replacement levels or formulas with specific cost/nutrition requirements may use soy protein concentrate with a judicious amount of textured soy protein (6). Excellent yields, cost savings, texture, flavor and nutrient profiles are possible. However, most soy protein concentrates lack sufficient solubility or sufficiently low viscosities to be used in brines for absorption or injection into whole muscle tissue. When legal standards for protein content exist (13), more concentrate must be used to achieve legal minimums. Brine viscosities increase and uniform distribution of brine components throughout the specific whole muscle piece is restricted. Finished product appearance and flavor are easily compromised. Thus, use of soy protein concentrates in whole muscle applications is limited. 

Nonadsorptive retention of contaminants can also be beneficial. For example, oil droplets in the subsurface are effective in developing a reactive layer or decreasing the permeability of a sandy porous medium. Coulibaly and Borden (2004) describe laboratory and field studies where edible oils were successfully injected into the subsurface, as part of an in-situ permeable reactive barrier. The oil used in the experiment was injected in the subsurface either as a nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) or as an oil-in-water emulsion. The oil-in-water emulsion can be distributed through sands without excessive pressure buildup, contrary to NAPL injection, which requires introduction to the subsurface by high pressure. 

For GC analysis, the emulsion samples are diluted in THF or acetone (1.5 ml). For SEC samples, the emulsions are dissolved in THF (3-5 ml, containing 0.06% toluene as an internal SEC standard).The solution SEC is filtered over aluminum oxide (to remove the copper residues) and then through a syringe filter prior to the injection into the SEC. 

For -LCAT activity the apoA-I proteoliposome emulsion is prepared by evaporating 260 pi of 5 mg/ml egg yolk phosphatidylcholine, 150 pi of 1 mg/ml unesteri-fied cholesterol, and 3 pi of 21 Ci/mmol [7-3H(N)]-cholesterol. The dried lipids are dissolved in 125 pi pure ethanol and injected into 10 ml of analysis buffer and vor-texed. The emulsion is concentrated by ultrafiltration to less than 2.5 ml and then filled up to 2.5 ml. A 300-pL aliquot of this emulsion is incubated with 75-150 mg of apoA-I and 1.1 ml analysis buffer. The optimal amount of apoA-I varies from lot to lot and has to be optimized using normal plasma samples. 

ARS2 dissolved in PBS was emulsified with an equal volume of Freund s complete or incomplete adjuvant. The emulsion was s.c. injected into male JW rabbits at an initial dose of 1.0 mg, followed by 0.5 mg injections every 2 weeks. Serum was collected 2 weeks after the last booster injection. 

Prepare a stable emulsion with adjuvant and inject into animals by standard procedures (see Chapter 1). 

The water knockout tank is designed to separate all free water from the incoming field production oil. It generally uses a 30- to 60-min storage time. In many field cases, the free water is only 30 to 60% of the total water content in the oil. This is due to oil-water emulsions. The oil fed to the downstream dehydration tank (see Fig. 4.15) is treated with an emulsion breaker chemical that is injected into the feed line to the dehydrator tank. As much as 70% of the production may therefore be separated in the downstream dehydrator tank. The KO tank may also receive fresh water for desalting the crude oil through its feed line. 

Studies [109,110] have shown that small changes in physical properties of emulsions can influence the elimination rate of these formulations from the blood. Indeed, an organ distribution study of stearylamine-based cationic or deoxycholic acid-based anionic nanosized emulsions and Intralipid, a well-known commercial anionic emulsion, containing 14C-CO was carried out following injection into the tail vein of male BALB/c mice (20-26g) at a volume of 5mL/kg [111, 112], Since CO... 

A condensed version of the ERDL alkylation pilot plant flow plan is shown in Figure 4. Olefin and isobutane feed streams are separately pumped to the unit from large feed storage vessels with Lapp Pulsafeeder diaphragm pumps and metered with turbine flow meters. The streams are then combined, caustic scrubbed, water washed and dried with molecular sieves before being sent to the reactor. The combined feed stream is then injected into the acid-hydrocarbon emulsion in the stirred reactor vessel. In order to maintain a constant temperature environment both reactor and settler are coolant jacketed. 

Coreflood Test Procedure. Laboratory coreflood experiments were performed to test the effectiveness of emulsion blocking in improving sweep efficiency at elevated temperatures. The emulsions, prepared as previously described, were diluted before injection into the cores. The emulsion reservoir was stirred slowly to prevent the dispersed oil droplets from creaming. Creaming was more of a... 

Similar results were obtained when injecting an externally produced emulsion into a core which was subsequently steamflooded. The results (Table V) show that the reduction in permeability caused by the emulsion (created with Wilmington oil) was stable at steamflood conditions. This experiment was conducted with a 25-in. core and saturated steam at 160°C. Before emulsion injection. 

For the primary injection, give 0.5 ml of emulsion intramuscularly into each of the four limbs of each animal. Now go away and think about other things for at least 4 weeks, or 6 weeks if possible. 

Soluble immunogens should be administered as Freund s emulsions, injected subcutaneously into the abdominal wall just on either side of the midline. The injection sites will usually ulcerate after a week or so, but the animals are apparently free from discomfort, thrive, and make good antibodies. 

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