Emotion concept

The aroma of fmit, the taste of candy, and the texture of bread are examples of flavor perception. In each case, physical and chemical stmctures ia these foods stimulate receptors ia the nose and mouth. Impulses from these receptors are then processed iato perceptions of flavor by the brain. Attention, emotion, memory, cognition, and other brain functions combine with these perceptions to cause behavior, eg, a sense of pleasure, a memory, an idea, a fantasy, a purchase. These are psychological processes and as such have all the complexities of the human mind. Flavor characterization attempts to define what causes flavor and to determine if human response to flavor can be predicted. The ways ia which simple flavor active substances, flavorants, produce perceptions are described both ia terms of the physiology, ie, transduction, and psychophysics, ie, dose-response relationships, of flavor (1,2). Progress has been made ia understanding how perceptions of simple flavorants are processed iato hedonic behavior, ie, degree of liking, or concept formation, eg, crispy or umami (savory) (3,4). However, it is unclear how complex mixtures of flavorants are perceived or what behavior they cause. Flavor characterization involves the chemical measurement of iadividual flavorants and the use of sensory tests to determine their impact on behavior. 

This is defined as the tendency to inhibit emotional responses during a crisis (Roger and Nesshoever, 1987). The scale which measures this concept has four factors, namely ... 

The materialism of this eschatology expressed not body-soul dualism but rather a sense of self as a psychosomatic unity. The idea of person, bequeathed by the Middle Ages to the modern world, was not a concept of soul escaping body or soul using body it was a concept of self in which physicality was integrally bound to sensation, emotion, reasoning, identity-and therefore finally to whatever one means by salvation. ... 

Herbert Morawetz, whom Mark hired at Brooklyn Poly in 1951, says that he believes that Mark is incapable of negative emotion, "or at least they are buried beyond retrieval". As an example, it is well known that Hermann Staudinger disliked Mark as a result of the events about the establishment of the macro-molecular concept. His dislike bordered on open contempt, but Mark steadfastly refused to openly criticize Staudinger. In... 

Trivers description of human reciprocal altruism certainly gives prominence to emotions. This behavioral system may have evolved from dominance hierarchization, an ethological concept (Weisfeld, 1980). There seems to be an opportunity to analyze other social psychological phenomena in adaptive terms usually they are explained only in terms of very narrow, specific mini-theories. Roes (1993) has offered an evolutionary explanation of reactance theory, for example. 

Tolerance, sensitisation, craving, withdrawal and relapse may actually be more complicated than indicated above and may involve separate mechanisms which are too complex to summarise here (See Altman et al., 1996). Recent research on specific drugs of abuse is reviewed by several authors in a special issue of Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 13 169-219 (1992). However, the concept of addiction as "an emotional fixation. .. acquired through learning, which intermittently or continually expresses itself in a purposeful stereotyped behaviour with the character and force of a natural drive, aiming at a specific pleasure or the avoidance of specific discomfort (Bejerot, 1980) still broadly applies. 

The concept of bradyphrenia overlaps with that of apathy, defined as diminished motivation not attributable to diminished level of consciousness, cognitive impairment or emotional distress (Marin, 1990). Apathy is common in neurodegenerative disorders and is associated with orbito-frontal, medial frontal and anterior temporal dysfunction in Alzheimer s disease (Craig et al., 1996). Apathy is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD, and correlates with executive dysfunction (Aarsland, 1999b). However, apathy is even more common in PSP patients (Aarsland et al., 2001c), possibly related to the more marked involvement of the orbitofrontal and medial frontal circuits in PSP than in PD. 

Pelham, W.E. (1989). Behavior therapy, behavioral assessment, and psychostimulant medication in the treatment of attention deficit disorders an interactive approach. In Swanson, J. and Bloomingdale, L., eds. Attention Deficit Disorders (IV) Current Concepts and Emerging Trends in Emotional and Behavioral Disorders of Childhood. London Pergamon Press, pp. 169— 195. 

The families of children and adolescents with schizophrenic psychoses have to be included in the planning and design of therapy. Empirical research has shown, however, that ambitious family therapy designs have not reaped the benefits hoped for. Studies using the concept of expressed emotion have shown that emotional factors within the family play an important role in relapses of the disorder. Therefore, in every child and adolescent with schizophrenia, one must decide on the extent to which the family should be integrated into the therapeutic process. This depends on the patient. 

Certainly, Hopi can tell the difference between birds and airplanes, even if the Hopi have one word for things that fly. Via circumlocution, one can usually describe a thing, concept, or emotion with a set of words if one word is not sufficient. However, as we discussed, an individual may have an easier time expressing a concept if there is a word for it. 

To conclude, the bureaucratic regulation of pollution has the possibility of creating a result similar to the pollution levels provided by an emissions market if the bureaucracy maximizes expected years of life saved for a given cost. However, if health-related issues evoke an emotional response not evoked by cellular phone rights, the concept of efficient aggregate risk reduction itself becomes problematic because it could be determined by the ownership of initial property rights. 

Patricia Spacks (1995) notes that the conception of the emotion of boredom as an involuntary mental state rather than as a reprehensible sin did not exist until fairly recently and C. S. Lewis (1936) says that the concept of romantic love did not arise until the European Middle Ages. Williams and Spacks also make the point (which Lewis overlooks) that the mental states themselves and their attendant expressions can exist even if there is no concept that captures them. They make the further crucial observation that when the emotion is conceptualized, it is also changed (Williams 1993,91 Spacks 1995,12-13). When a person has the conceptual wherewithal to say to himself, "God, I m bored " the state of boredom will typically become more acute and efforts to alleviate it more intense. 

The concept may change expectations about other people. Once a person can label his emotional state as love, he does not simply want to be with the other person, he wants to be loved in return. 

In the last two cases, the mothers would have to possess the concept of guilt, since otherwise the presence or absence of that emotion could not trigger the meta-emotions of shame or guilt. 

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