Emissions measurement organic sampling

Modern infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a versatile tool applied to the qualitative and quantitative determination of molecular species of all types. Its applications fall into three categories based on the spectral regions considered. Mid-IR (MIR) is by far the most widely used, with absorption, reflection, and emission spectra being employed for both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The NIR region is particularly used for routine quantitative determinations in complex samples, which is of interest in agriculture, food and feed, and, more recently, pharmaceutical industries. Determinations are usually based on diffuse reflectance measurements of untreated solid or liquid samples or, in some cases, on transmittance studies. Far-IR (FIR) is used primarily for absorption measurements of inorganic and metal-organic samples. 

One of the most significant uses of LMI sources in connection with SIMS of organic compounds may be as probes in performing measurements of secondary particle yields. Such measurements are important for understanding the processes of secondary ion emission from solid and liquid organic samples. Total particle yields reflect directly the dynamical aspects of emission processes variations in primary beam energy, incident flux density, and primary particle mass, for example, are all manifested in changes in total particle yields. The ratio of secondary ion yield to total particle yield and the ratio of secondary ion yields from two different species can be sensitive, quantitative monitors of the chemistry and kinetics, respectively, of ionization processes. 

A property of organic samples that can also affect the results of FT-Raman measurements is the reabsorption of the Raman light by the sample itself. This arises from the overlap between the Raman emission and the direct absorption by vibrational overtones and combinations that occur between 1.064 tm (the excitation) and 1.786 tm (the end of the Raman spectrum at the 3800-cm shift from the laser). These absorptions will affect relative intensities in the Raman spectrum, especially in large samples where the laser is penetrating deep below the surface. The effects of self-absorption will be especially... 

Method 25 applies to the measurement of volatile organic compounds (VOC) as nonmethane organics (TGNMO), reported as carbon. Organic particulate matter will interfere with the analysis, and, therefore, in some cases, an in-stack particulate filter will be required. The method requires an emission sample to be withdrawn at a con-... 

SW-846, is used to measure emissions of semivolatile principal organic constituents. Method 0010 is designed to determine destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of POHCs from incineration systems. The method involves a modification of the EPA Method 5 sampling train and may be used to determine particulate emission rates from stationary sources. The method is applied to semivolatile compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, polycyclic organic matter, and other semivolatile organic compounds. 

Analytical methods for 12 chlorinated phenolics and adsorbable organic halides (AOXs). Samples of air emissions and water discharges from each mill must be tested using the laboratory methods included in the rule. The new methods will enable more timely and accurate measurements of releases of these pollutants to the environment and will be used to ensure compliance with air emission and water discharge permit limits... 

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