Emission process energy convention

Some techniques also involve a well-defined incident electron beam, even though the primary process at some point imparts an arbitrary parallel momentum to the electrons. This happens, for example, with energy loss in HREELS and ILEED, with diffuse scattering in LEED and with Auger emission in ARAES. In these cases the direction of the electrons leaving the surface has an arbitrary relationship to the incident beam direction. Up to the primary process, however, conventional LEED can be applied in the plane-wave representation, at least in the ordered part of the surface, using the finite set of plane waves defined by the direction of incidence. 

The textile and apparel industry has been causing a number of different environmental problems like polluted air, land and water through the release of both toxic and hazardous waste. Moreover, a large amount of water, energy and other valuable resources are consumed during the production process. For conventional cotton cultivation, about 18 g pesticides are used per kg of cotton. A study showed that 1 kg of polyester fibres consume around 97.4 MJ of energy and 17.2 kg of water with 2.31 kg of CO2, 18.2 g of carbon monoxide, 39.5 g of CH emissions to air and... 

In conventional lasers, the emitted radiation occurs between energy states involving bound electrons in atoms or molecules. Energy state population is modified by pumping the initial state to higher levels by means of an external source. The electron modes of motion are discrete so that absorption and emission of photons involves two (or more) quantized levels (except where the final state in the laser emission process is above the dissociation limit e.g.in some excimer lasers). On the other hand, free electron lasers (FEL) operate on free-free transitions i.e. by energy changes of unbound electrons, so that any state of electron motion... 

One of other conventional processes for H2O decomposition is photoelectrochemical. In this method, H2O is broken down into H2 and O2 by electrolysis, but the electrical energy is obtained by a photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) process. A photoelectrochemical H2O decomposition process is a zero emission process and uses free solar energy or ultraviolet (UV) light (Alenzi et al., 2010 Currao, 2007 Nowotny, Bak, Nowotny, Sheppard, 2007). Many studies have been presented for finding the best material candidate for the photoelectrochemical process discovered by Fujishima and Honda (1972) as a first approach. The main criteria for these materials are low cost. 

Improvement of conventional processes for saving energy has great impact on CO2 emission reduction. In our case, researches on reduction of energy use and conversion from batch to continuous of the powder production were conducted [12,13]. 

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