Embryogenesis embryo development

Moreover, studies have been conducted to optimize different types and concentrations of amino acids on the induction of somatic embryogenesis in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) cultivars. Results revealed that stimulation of embryogenesis and embryo development was strictly dependent on the type and concentration of amino add in the medium. Proline was much more effective than glutamine and alanine on induction and development of somatic embryogenesis (Gerdakaneh et al., 2011). 

Somatic embryogenesis is divided into direct and indirect embryogenesis (DSE and ISE respectively Sharp et al., 1980 Evans Sharp, 1981). In DSE, somatic embryos develop directly from the somatic cells of explants, and in ISE they develop from callus cells. Somatic embryogenesis is also divided depending upon the type of explants. If somatic embryos develop from primary explants it is called primary somatic embryogenesis if they develop from primary somatic embryos, this is called secondary somatic embryogenesis. 

It was shown that the predominant PAs in somatic embryos of highly responsible Hurst ecotype of Norway spruce (LIO) was spermidine, while embryos of less responsible ecotype (L13, L16, L17 and L28) contained lower level of Spd and/or inadequate Put/Spd ratio. Exogenously supplied PAs might therefore affect and improve the induction and somatic embryo development in less responsible plant genotypes. The studies related to the improving of somatic embryogenesis method in less responsible Hurst ecotyp>e of Norway spruce are now in progress in our laboratory. 

Microspore embryogenesis occurs in a pattern of morphogenesis akin to zygotic embryo development. Based on this similarity, embryo pattern regulators such as members of the gene family 14-3-3 of barley have been observed to be up regulated, both in time and space (Maraschin et al. 2003). 

In addition to natural in vivo forms embryogenesis (apomixis), there exist at least three ways to induce embryo development from in vito cultured plant cells in vitro fertilization, from... 

For purely biological studies of embryogenesis, both paraffin section and cry-section are good options for well-preserved tissue and organ samples. However, for liquid-crystal functional studies during embryo development and pathological events, cryo- or frozen-section are preferred over paraffin sections, as the cryo/frozen methods preserve more of the sample s original characteristics than the more chemically intensive paraffin preservation method. If possible, fresh sample smear-slides are also preferred. [Xu MM et al 2009, Xu XH et al 2009]. 

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