Development zygotic embryos

Because they are biochemically similar to zygotic embryos (3,4), somatic embryos also present an opportunity for vitro production of numerous secondary plant products which are associated with seeds. For example, essential oil, flavor, and aroma components found in seeds of celery (5), cocoa (6,7), and oil palm (8) are produced by somatic embryos. The ability to control and develop this process may permit more economical and reliable production of certain plant products on an industrial level. 

A critical difference with zygotic embryos is that somatic embryos are never surrounded by an endosperm and that they do not develop a suspensor. In addition, somatic embryo are often larger than zygotic embryos. The morphological diversity and the lower rates of germination seen in somatic embryos compared to zygotic... 

Il kova G, Rehak P, Vesela J, Cikos S, Fabian D, Czikkova S, Kop>p)el J (2004) Serotonin localization and its functional significance during mouse preimplantation embryo development. Zygote 12 205-213... 

From many observations and histological analysis, it appears that in this system only those cells located on the adaxial side of cotyledons undergo transition from a somatic to embryogenic state in the manner of DSE. Sometimes, if zygotic embryos are cultured in a different way, somatic embryos which developed from the callus were also detected (Fig. 4). 

Microspore embryogenesis occurs in a pattern of morphogenesis akin to zygotic embryo development. Based on this similarity, embryo pattern regulators such as members of the gene family 14-3-3 of barley have been observed to be up regulated, both in time and space (Maraschin et al. 2003). 

Table 9. Changes in fatty acid composition of total lipids with respect to proportions of oleic, eicosenoic, and erucic add found in microspore-derived and zygotic embryos of B. napus cv Reston at different stages of development. Adapted from Taylor et al. [108]...

Table 10. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro rates of triacylglycerol biosynthesis in developing zygotic and microspore-derived embryos of B. napus cv Reston. After Taylor et aL [108]...

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