Elephant skin

In PVC films containing plasticizers, embrittlement caused by plasticizer depletion due to volatility and extraction by water is observed in addition to discoloration. The visual result is referred to as orange or elephant skin. The use of appropriate, low volatility plasticizer grades can cause an improvement. A considerable amount of plasticizer depletion, however, is caused by the chemical saponification process and the subsequent washing out of the water-soluble hydrolysis products - alcohol and acid - formed during this process [202]. 

These effects are cause by a destruction of the elastomer surface, in the course of which the degraded material vaporizes or dissolves in the remaining material. This causes shrinkage in the highly filled surface layer and leads to elephant-skin type crack formation [697]. 

Addo Elephant National Park (AENP), elephant population at, compared to free-ranging population at Ndarakwai Ranch, Tanzania, 82-88 Adrenaline, from cane toad skin secretion, 412 Adult odour preferences in rodents, role of early olfactory learning in development of, 251-258... 

Vertebrate animals may be preserved dry or in fluid. Traditional systematic species collections may include study skins, skeletons, and fluid-preserved animals or body parts. Study skins are, as the name implies, the skin of the animal with hair and feathers intact. In small animals, the bones are often left in place since it would be too difficult and damaging to remove them. In study skins, the eyes and mouth are usually filled with cotton, and the body is stuffed gently with either cotton or acid-free tissue in order to keep the skin extended to its original size and shape. Large animals, such as whales or elephants, require a great deal of preparation and storage space. Some researchers may keep only those parts that are relevant to their collections, like the skull or extremities. Soft tissue or stomach contents may be frozen or preserved in alcohol. 

Hippos are still hunted for their teeth, and for their skin, which is 25 millimetres thick. Though not at present under threat of extinction they may become so due to the popularity of their ivory, following the lack of elephant ivory. Nowadays hippo ivory is imported by Japan and China for carving. Elsewhere, for example Europe and America, it is covered by the total ban on the import of any ivory, so is not available. 

As mentioned earlier, G AJ has the useful property of switching RAS off. Mutations in GAP cause a common disorder called neuiofibiomatosis. Here, GAP no longer can provoke RAS to catalyze GTP hydrolysis. In its most common form, neurofibromatosis results in multiple, harmless caf au-lait spots over the skin. In its most severe and rare form, the disease results in defomriing tumors, as occurred in the case of the Elephant Man (Riccardi, 1981), To sum up, the tumors of the Elephant Man probably resulted because GAP failed to terminate the activity of RAS- Mutations in MAFKKK and MAPKK have also been foxmd that result in cancer (Stang el ai., 1997),... 

Elephantorrhiza elephantina (Burch.) Skeels intfolwane, elephant root] (Fabaceae) rhizome infusion is used for diarrhoea (15). Rhizomes are also used for stomach disorders and skin diseases (28,29). The root contains alkaloids, anthranoids, polyphenols and steroids (15). Extracts of the plant have some antibacterial properties (30). The antibacterial activity provides a seientifie rationale for the use of the plant in herbal medicine for diarrhoea. 

No covetous Roman after I am dead May beg to have my skin flayed off, or stuff it With straw like an alligator, and then show it In fairs and markets for a monster, though I know the sight will draw more fools to gape on t Than a camel or an elephant. (4.3.54-8)... 

To calm horses, chamomile oil is added to their feed. Pneumonia in young elephants caused by Klebsiella is claimed to be healed by Lippia javanica oil. Rose and yarrow oils bring about emotional release in donkeys by licking them. Wounds in horses are treated with Achillea millefolium oil sweet itch is treated with peppermint oil. Matricaria recutita and A. millefolium oils are used to heal the skin with in ammatory conditions (Ingraham, 2008). 

Protection against solid bodies The skin by reason of its physical resistance offers a certain resistance to the penetration of physical bodies. It prevents, for example, sand from penetrating, but not rose thorns or revolver bullets. This relatively feeble protection in general sufQces in everyday life. It is infinitely more fragile than the skin of a large carnivore or herbivore and, naturally, more fragile than those of animals such as the crocodile and the elephant. 

---