Traditional Systematics

Vertebrate animals may be preserved dry or in fluid. Traditional systematic species collections may include study skins, skeletons, and fluid-preserved animals or body parts. Study skins are, as the name implies, the skin of the animal with hair and feathers intact. In small animals, the bones are often left in place since it would be too difficult and damaging to remove them. In study skins, the eyes and mouth are usually filled with cotton, and the body is stuffed gently with either cotton or acid-free tissue in order to keep the skin extended to its original size and shape. Large animals, such as whales or elephants, require a great deal of preparation and storage space. Some researchers may keep only those parts that are relevant to their collections, like the skull or extremities. Soft tissue or stomach contents may be frozen or preserved in alcohol. 

Uncertainty in Relation to the Traditional Systematic and Random Error Classifications... 

The next step was to produce rank ordered lists of the sites based on their suitability for locating clothing production sites. Although we can refer the classification of the chosen sites to the experts by questionnaire, the multi-attribute utility (MAU) model, a traditional systematic model for scoring, is more suitable for dealing with this classification problem, which will be utilized to benchmark the relative performance of the proposed ANN classification decision model. The MAU model can be mathematically stated as follows ... 

Frisch M J, G W Trucks and J R Cheeseman 1996. Systematic Model Chemistries Based on Density Functional Theory Comparison with Traditional Models and with Experiment. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (Recent Developments and Applications of Modem Density Functional Theory) 4 679-707. 

By proper design of experiments, guided by a statistical approach, the effects of experimental variables may be found more efficiently than by the traditional approach of holding all variables constant but one and systematically investigating each variable in turn. Trends in data may be sought to track down nonrandom sources of error. 

The practice of assigning ad hoc names to organic compounds was neither avoidable, nor burdensome when only a small number of compounds were recognized. Such ad hoc names are termed "trivial" or "traditional," to indicate that they contain no encoded stmctural information. They are useful for common compounds, and many of them are retained to this day, but they are not helpful in understanding chemical relationships. As they proliferated, the number and variety of them became unmanageable. The development of systematic nomenclature was driven by this circumstance, and was made possible by advances in understanding and determining the stmcture of molecules. 

Ruthless adherence to full systematic nomenclature throughout these volumes would serve little useful purpose. While it is necessary for the Chemical Abstracts indexes to avoid colloquial forms, most of our contributors seem to agree that insistence on the use of, e.g. 4(17f)-pyridinone at every point, rather than the traditional but less precise 4-pyridone , produces a pedantic effect on the English style. So old-fashioned forms like pyridone coexist here with systematic names, the choice being dictated by the individual authors of the chapters. 

Trivial or Traditional Names and Early Semi-systematic Conventions... 

Chapter 2 stressed the need to consider the results of plant modifications before they are made and to prevent unauthorized ones. This applies to computers as well as traditional plant. No change should be made to hardware or software unless authorized by a professionally competent person who has carried out a systematic survey of possible consequences. It is easier to change a software control system than a traditional one and therefore harder to control the changes, but it is just as important to do so. Section 20.5 describes an unauthorized change to hardware that could have had serious results. 

Petroleum engineers are traditionally involved in activities known in the oil industry as the front end of the petroleum fuel cycle (petroleum is either liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons derived from natural deposits—reservoirs—in the earth). These front end activities are namely exploration (locating and proving out the new geological provinces with petroleum reservoirs that may be exploited in the future), and development (the systematic drilling, well completion, and production of economically producible reservoirs). Once the raw petroleum fluids (e.g., crude oil and natural gas) have been produced from the earth, the back end of the fuel cycle takes the produced raw petroleum fluids and refines the.se fluids into useful products. 

Western science has traditionally emphasized reductionism as the road to understanding. Reductionism, of course, is a process that involves the systematic labeling, categorizing and compartmentalizing of objects. Unfortunately, the western world has also somewhere along the line lost sight of the fact that the universe is ojjc, essentially unlmgmented, whole. 

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