Electronic polymers aggregation structure

It is known that the polymer chains are lying in the plane of the surface.34 In a typical polymer device structure anode/polymer/cathode, the charge carriers are traveling across the polymer film, which is perpendicular to the plane of the film. Therefore, the conductivity of the film will, to a large extent, depend on the rate for interchain hopping of the carriers or on the rate for the interchain electron transfer. If a polymer film is dominated by the Ar-type aggregation style shown in Fig. 6.4, where the bulky side chains (the insulators) are trapped inside the aggregate and... 

Functional polymers, in a broad sense, include a variety of polymeric materials and a number of engineering plastics. These polymer systems often exhibit more specific and better properties if processed as polymer aggregates. For example, organic polymers with poly conjugated double bonds consisting of special structures are now known as synthetic metals, which show substantially high electron conductivity in a fiber or film form. On the other hand, ceramic materials with new properties, such as elasticity, have only recently been prepared by organic synthetic techniques. 

Structured laundry liquids are currently available in Europe and were recently introduced in the United States [50,51]. These products typically contain high levels of surfactants and builder salts, as well as enzymes and other additives. In the presence of high ionic strength, the combination of certain anionic and nonionic surfactants form lamellar liquid crystals. Under the microscope (electron microscope, freeze fracturing) these appear as round droplets with an onion-like, multilayered structure. Formation of these droplets or sperulites permits the incorporation of high levels of surfactants and builders in a pourable liquid form. Stability of the dispersion is enhanced by the addition of polymers that absorb onto the droplet surface to reduce aggregation. 

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