Electron microscopy peripheral techniques

Optical Microscopy Transmission Electron Microscopy Scanning Electron Microscopy Peripheral Techniques Trends and Future Projections... 

Asbestos fiber identification can also be achieved through transmission or scanning electron microscopy (tern, sem) techniques which are especially usefiil with very short fibers, or with extremely small samples (see Microscopy). With appropriate peripheral instmmentation, these techniques can yield the elemental composition of the fibers using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence, or the crystal stmcture from electron diffraction, selected area electron diffraction (saed). 

In addition to these major forms of microscopy, there have been several developments of peripheral techniques that are important for the polymer scientist. They include X-ray spectroscopy, electron spectroscopy, and the electron microprobe. Their present and future impact has been evaluated. Also some predictions have been made on some expected or desired further developments in the field of microscopy. 

Loewi s discovery led to a chain reaction which resulted in the rapid spread of the principle of chemical transmission to all the peripheral synapses in the autonomic nervous system, and to the discovery of chemical transmission from the somatic motor nerve to the skeletal muscles and from one neuron to another, first in the autonomic and then in the central nervous system (studies of Samoilov, the classical experiments of the Dale and Cannon groups, the investigations of Ecdes, and many others). Finally, the chemical theory was confirmed by modem experiments using the latest methods electron microscopy, histochemical methods, the microelectrode technique, and others ... 

This book, from its initial conception, had obviously to be limited in the choice of subjects, but we believe it represents a valuable and readily reproducible collection of established and emerging techniques. Such a collection is preceded by a general introductory chapter (Chap. 1) that recalls the history of immunocytochemistry, its basic principles, and its application to the study of neuronal complexity. The methods presented include immunocytochemical localization at light and electronic levels, biochemical characterization, and functional analysis in vivo or ex vivo by novel types of microscopy, as well as protocols for development and production of genetic probes. Although this book is primarily devoted to approaches for analysis of the mammalian brain, a few nonmammalian species are also taken into consideration to demonstrate the importance of alternative animal models in a more comprehensive analysis of central and peripheral neurons. 

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