Electron cyclotron wave resonance

Weiler, M., Lang, K., Li, E., and Robertson, J., "Deposition of Tetrahedral Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Using a Novel Electron Cyclotron Wave Resonance Reactor, Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 72,1998,pp. 1314-1316. 

ECWR Electron cyclotron wave resonance RSF Relative sensitivity factor... 

However, the nitrogen molecule has afar greater bonding energy than ammonia and is more difficult to dissociate into free atomic nitrogen active species. Consequently, the deposition rate is extremely slow. This can be offset by plasma activation with high frequency (13.56 MHz) or electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasmasP Ef l and with micro-wave activation. 

As the thermal coupling between the electron and ion fluids is relatively loose and losses through the electron fluid can be high (Doyle et al. 2007) ECRH is not the most efficient way of heating the ions. This task can be more efficiently done by waves resonating in the ion cyclotron... 

DGE a AC AMS APCI API AP-MALDI APPI ASAP BIRD c CAD CE CF CF-FAB Cl CID cw CZE Da DAPCI DART DC DE DESI DIOS DTIMS EC ECD El ELDI EM ESI ETD eV f FAB FAIMS FD FI FT FTICR two-dimensional gel electrophoresis atto, 10 18 alternating current accelerator mass spectrometry atmospheric pressure chemical ionization atmospheric pressure ionization atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization atmospheric pressure photoionization atmospheric-pressure solids analysis probe blackbody infrared radiative dissociation centi, 10-2 collision-activated dissociation capillary electrophoresis continuous flow continuous flow fast atom bombardment chemical ionization collision-induced dissociation continuous wave capillary zone electrophoresis dalton desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization direct analysis in real time direct current delayed extraction desorption electrospray ionization desorption/ionization on silicon drift tube ion mobility spectrometry electrochromatography electron capture dissociation electron ionization electrospray-assisted laser desorption/ionization electron multiplier electrospray ionization electron transfer dissociation electron volt femto, 1CT15 fast atom bombardment field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry field desorption field ionization Fourier transform Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance... 

The classical theory for electronic conduction in solids was developed by Drude in 1900. This theory has since been reinterpreted to explain why all contributions to the conductivity are made by electrons which can be excited into unoccupied states (Pauli principle) and why electrons moving through a perfectly periodic lattice are not scattered (wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics). Because of the wavelike character of an electron in quantum mechanics, the electron is subject to diffraction by the periodic array, yielding diffraction maxima in certain crystalline directions and diffraction minima in other directions. Although the periodic lattice does not scattei the elections, it nevertheless modifies the mobility of the electrons. The cyclotron resonance technique is used in making detailed investigations in this field. 

Conversion of electromagnetic wave (EW) polarization provides an efficient and powerful method for diagnostics of media a nd s tructures with reduced symmetry (e.g. anysotropic crystals, media with natural and artificial gyrotropy, periodic structures, solid-state surfaces and thin films). On the other hand, such media and structures can be used as polarization converters. The conversion of the polarization in surface layers and thin films is usually small [1,2] and achromatic because in this case the region of interaction of the EW with the polarization active medium is small and the interaction itself is non-resonant. However, the effect may increase substantially (resonantly) and the polarization converted radiation becomes colored when the external EW excites eigen-oscillations on optically active surface or in an optically active film. For example, under the non-uniform cyclotron resonance excitation in two-dimensional (2D) electron system, high conversion efficiency can be reached [3]. 

Part 2. Ion Conformation and Structure presents discussions of structural characterization of proteins and peptides using quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and the novel method known as traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry. In addition to the observation of collective fluctuations of the molecular substructures within biomolecules, the organization of atoms in small ion clusters is investigated using electron diffraction. 

The resonant or cyclotron frequency is detected by absorption of power from the micro-wave beam which becomes a maximum when effective electron mass can then be determined from m = eB z/ c- The effective mass of holes can be found in a similar manner using left-hand polarized microwave radiation. 

Figure 16.1. Typical ranges of activation times associated with various activation methods in tandem mass spectrometry. EID, electron-induced dissociation SID, surface-induced dissociation CA, collisional activation (beam), typical conditions used in a beam-type tandem mass spectrometer ICR-SORI, ion cyclotron resonance sustained off-resonance irradiation cw IRMPD, continuous-wave infrared multiphoton dissociation. (Reproduced from Ref. 15 with permission from John Wiley Sons.)...

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